Federal Government Essays - E-commerce, Standards Organizations

Federal Government Essays - E-commerce, Standards Organizations Federal Government Electronic Commerce and - FACNET - Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce (EC) is a concept whereby the acquisition of supplies and services is conducted via a paperless exchange of business information through computers. This new approach to procurement activity requires agreed upon formats and standards by which computers can communicate to each other and transfer information back and forth. This exchange of information is defined as Electronic Data Interchange, or EDI. The Federal Government?s recent attempts to streamline Government and reduce costs have focused on the potential of Electronic Commerce to help in achieving these goals. A Brief History of EC, EDI and FACNET FACNET stands for the "Federal Acquisition Computer Network". It is "the Government wide Electronic Commerce/Electronic Data Interchange (EC/EDI) systems architecture for the acquisition of supplies and services that provides for electronic data interchange of acquisition information between the Government and the private sector, employs nationally and internationally recognized data formats, and provides universal user access." FACNET, simply stated, is the EDI standardized format by which the Federal Government will proceed in it?s quest to establish electronic commerce for Federal Government procurements. The groundwork for FACNET began with the National Performance Review, initiated on March 3, 1993. This six month intensive review of the Federal Government had as its goal the creation of a Government that worked better and cost less. The report generated by the NPR was the first in a series of steps to improve Government efficiency, and it described approximately 100 actions and recommendations by which to improve government. The Federal Government?s complex acquisition process, which procures over $200 billion worth of supplies and services each year, was identified as one area in which major, readily obtainable savings could be attained if a systematic reform of the acquisition process were implemented. Benefits for the government and its suppliers, as noted in the NPR report, were: Government BenefitsSupplier Benefits Lower PricesImproved profitability and cash flow Increased competitionIncreased opportunity to participate in government acquisition Increased buyer productivityIncreased operating efficiency Better management informationImproved payment process Reduced acquisition time and costs Better inventory control The President?s Executive Memorandum of October 26, 1993, "Streamlining Procurement Through Electronic Commerce", was issued as a result of the NPR recommendations. It noted that by moving to EC, the acquisition process would promote customer service and cost-effectiveness. Access to Federal contracting activity would also be increased for the more than 300,000 suppliers currently doing business with the government. Issued to the heads of executive departments and agencies, it established the objective of streamlining acquisition through the use of electronic commerce. Specific objectives established by the President for EC were: 1. Exchange acquisition information electronically between the private sector and the Federal government to the maximum extent practicable. 2. Provide businesses, including small, small disadvantaged, and women-owned businesses, with greater access to Federal acquisition opportunities. 3. Ensure that potential suppliers are provided simplified access to the Federal government?s EC system. 4. Employ nationally and internationally recognized data formats that serve to broaden and ease the interchange of data. 5. Use agency and industry systems and networks to enable the government and potential suppliers to exchange information and access Federal acquisition data. Implementation of EC was to be implemented via the following milestones, and was to be accelerated where practicable. 1. By March 1994 define the architecture for the government-wide EC acquisition system and identify executive departments or agencies responsible for developing, implementing, operating, and maintaining the Federal electronic system; 2. By September 1994 establish an initial EC capability to enable the Federal government and private suppliers to electronically exchange standardized requests for quotations, quotes, purchase orders, and notice of awards and begin government-wide implementation; 3. By July 1995 implement a full-scale Federal EC system that expands initial capabilities to include electronic payments, document interchange, and supporting data bases; 4. By January 1997 complete government-wide implementation of EC for appropriate Federal purchases, to the maximum extent possible. FACNET Establishment The Federal Acquisition Streamlining Act (FASA), signed into law on October 13, 1994, established the Government EDI network used for broadcasting solicitations. FACNET (Federal Acquisition Computer Network) was established as the government network to be used for broadcasting solicitations and information between the private sector and the Federal Government. In accordance with FASA, each Federal agency began developing their FACNET capability, led by the Electronic Commerce Program Management Office (ECPMO) of

buy custom Developing an Evaluation Plan essay

buy custom Developing an Evaluation Plan essay In determining whether an evidence-based change brought out the intended result, evaluation is vital. The outcome of the analysis should point toward the formulation of possible alternative interpretation for the findings (Melnyk Fineout-Overholt, 2005). The general objective of an evaluation is to determine the effect of the adapted change. To examine the efficacy and probability of the implementation of the protocol, a three-month trial will be done. This is to enhance compliance of respiratory therapists and nurses in executing oral care on patients requiring mechanical ventilation. The evaluation process should answer the following questions: Was the oral care protocol initiated properly? Did the standardized oral care protocol increased nurses compliance with oral care? Did the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia decrease after the oral care protocol was implemented? Was the oral care implementation recorded according to the new protocol? For three months, the present study will be implemented in a medical surgical intensive care unit with 20 beds. Patients requiring mechanical ventilation but do not have baseline pneumonia are included in the study. The participants in the process include all respiratory therapists and intensive care unit nurses. Methods for Evaluation of Effectiveness The nurse designated in infection control will document the data regarding the incidences on ventilator-associated pneumonia. A graph illustration of ventilator-associated pneumonia trends within 6 months will be placed on the chart. The graph will show the number of occurrences of ventilator-associated pneumonia each month. The graph will show the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia each month from six months before the implementation of the protocol and after every month. To show correlation, the frequency of oral care and the documented amounts of time of oral care will also be charted from the start of the implementation of the protocol. Within an 8-hour time block, a trained research team member will perform a randomized direct observation audit and compare it with pre-implementation data. For evaluation use, significant data obtained and discussed during staff meetings will be recorded in abbreviated form. For evaluation use, comment suggestion sheets and questionnaires filled out by the nursing staff will also be collected and catalogued. All participants involved will be updated on monthly change in VAP rates and monthly level of compliance in oral care. The outcome will be evaluated by ventilator-associated pneumonia indicator measurements, such as incidence of VAP, average cost, length of ICU stay, and average ventilator days. For compliance degree with oral care, a post-observational audit and implementation chart will be conducted. Dependent Variables The quality of oral care and compliance of most nurses and respiratory therapists is not enough to reduce the incidence of ventilator-associated pneumonia in the patient population. This is happening even if they are knowedgeable of the importance of oral care for patients requiring mechanical ventilation. This happens because no consistent oral care guidelines, method, and frequency for performance exist at present. Independent Variables The education and experience of the nurses, their knowledge of the hospitals services and provision of ideal oral care based on the protocol, their attitude towards oral care procedures and the allotted time to perform the proceedings are the independent variables associated with the task. According to Furr et al. (2004), the proposed plan can be greatly affected by the nurses attitude towards oral care, their value and importance to the procedure, and their perceived unpleasantness of oral care performances. For example, the actual frequency of oral care determined and the quality of the oral care provided may be limited if observation within 24 hours was not conducted. Tools for Educating It is very important to let the staff understand the potential benefit of decreasing the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia and the fundamental reasons supporting proper oral care. To establish the best practices prior to the development of the protocol, a review of literary studies will be conducted. The review will be compiled and presented through handouts and power point presentation to key stakeholders. The protocol will be outlined, and the results obtained from the past chart audits will be put in handouts and made available to all the staff and stakeholders. At different schedules, the administrative groups will be presented with the initial presentation of the protocol by using power point slides. On the other hand, respiratory therapists and intensive care unit nurses will be informed of the new oral care protocol through handouts and power point presentation during weekly meetings. Moreover, posters will be posted in various areas in the intensive care units ind icating the fundamental elements of the oral care protocol. Reminder posters will also be posted on the wall at the patients head of the bed. Assessment Tools For comments, suggestions, and feedback, comment suggestion papers and pre- and post-questionnaires will be distributed to all respiratory therapists and nurses. For the first three months, the education department will hold team meetings to address the oral care limitations, processes change and procedures related to the oral care protocol. The education department will be requested to discuss the importance of proper oral care for patients requiring mechanical ventilation. This will be done during the orientation process of newly-hired employess. Each month, staff meetings will be held to obtain feedback from the staff and share information. Changes will also be made according to the feedback. To see if there are differences after the introduction of the oral care procedures, all respiratory therapists and nurses will be surveyed about the oral care practices. To see if the occurrence of ventilator-associated pneumonia has improved in the hospital from the time when the protocol wa s implemented, chart audits will be conducted. To implement the protocol, the Plan-Do-Study-Act (PPDSA) cycle will be used by planning. The protocol will then be implemented and tested on a small scale at a time. Then it will be analysed and the results will be compared. The protocol then will be adjusted according to the analysed results. When proceedings are not improving accordingly, a champion will be placed to make sure that everything proceeds in the right direction. The identified champion will discuss the problems with the staff and will help keep all involved personnel on the same path. Dissemination of Evidence After the completion of the study, the findings will be disseminated to the clinicians and other personnel involved who will use the information in decision-making about patient care. Dissemination mediums should include both written and oral presentations (Melnyk Fineout-Overholt, 2005). Dissemination will be done for all the nursing community and members of the audience to understand and have access to relevant information regarding the development of the new oral care protocol standard. The key stakeholders will be the first to inform on the significance of oral care by means of verified and tested studies conducted in other intensive care unit institutions. The information process will be in the form of evidence-based research articles summaries, power points, graphs, and original summaries. Numbers will also be presented about the patients. An example of the use of numbers is the use of percentages for the reduction of ventilator-associated pneumonia after oral care procedures are done, and other hospital-related effects, including the decrease of the patients need of care and other cost factors. At first meeting, the same data will be shared with all the nursing staff involved in the oral care implementation. The meeting will also serve to disseminate strategies and information on the oral care changes that are significant to the nursing staff. New information will be derived and disseminated at a monthly meeting with the nursing staff. The information will be presented through power point presentations, handouts, and lectures. Gathering of information will be through questionnaires, suggestion sheets, and vocal reports from nurses. The information will be passed on to the key stakeholders in any form appropriate at their monthly meetings. Barriers anticipated include the lack of time to gather and present data in a filled out form, lack of available time for prioritization, attendance to meetings and completion of questionnaires. The new oral care proto col implementation will be published in the quarterly magazine circulated in the hospitals. The outline of the oral care protocol and the power point presentation will be posted on the the hospitals website so that the members of the nursing community can assess it. A brief presentation and general overview of the oral care protocol will be discussed in community meetings by the nurse practitioner. The dissemination process and evaluation will be considered successful if it involves careful planning, testing, and modification of the oral care protocol. To increase the oral care compliance of nurses and respiratory therapists, a multidisciplinary approach is necessary. All involved personnel should be committed, and the intensive care administration should encourage them to achieve a successful result. Buy custom Developing an Evaluation Plan essay

What impact has the division of the Korean peninsula had on the Essay

What impact has the division of the Korean peninsula had on the development of the two Koreas - Essay Example Based on an image taken by the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) of the US (United States) Department of Defense, the Korean peninsula is aptly described in contrasting terms: â€Å"South Korea is bright, North Korea is dark† (GlobalSecurity.org). Such imagery is a reflection of the development of the divided Korean peninsula: North Korea in the grip of communism and dictatorship and South Korea at the frontiers of democracy and progress.After the surrender of Japan on August 14, 1945, the USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics) and the US occupied the Korean peninsula north and south of the thirty-eighth parallel, respectively (Wheeling Jesuit University). In 1948, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea was established in the USSR-occupied North while the Republic of Korea was established in the US-occupied South. The succeeding Korean War, started in 1950, formalized the rift between the two states (Feffer). An armistice was finally declared in 195 3, with the two states still holding their original territories. Due to decades of division, the two Koreas undertook diverging paths of development and achieved different levels of success.In terms of economic development, dark North Korea is facing poverty and food shortage whereas bright South Korea is â€Å"one of the world’s major economies and a leading exporter of cars and electronic goods† (BBC â€Å"Overview†). The Central Intelligence Agency states, â€Å"North Korea, one of the world's most centrally directed and least open economies, faces chronic economic problems " (Central Intelligence Agency "Economy - Korea, North"). On the other hand, the CIA asserts, "South Korea has achieved an incredible record of growth and integration into the high-tech modern world economy" (Central Intelligence Agency "Economy - Korea, South"). The 2007 estimate of the GDP per capita of North Korea was pegged at $1,900 whereas that of South Korea was pegged at $24,600. These differences can be explained by the ways the two Koreas handled their post-war economies. Typical of communism wherein there is state ownership of all production, the North implements a central planning economy (Kwak). Consequently, the government has a hand in every economic activity. The North subscribes to three fundamental principles: "the construction of independent native economy, the heavy and munitions industries first policy, and the advance of military and economy side by side" (Hwang). Today, the Northern state still operates a closed economy to protect its political ideology. South Korea, on the other hand, employs a market economy, which has resulted to urbanization, industrialization and rapid economic growth (Kwak). Hwang adds that planned capitalism, wherein "the government plans the allocation of resources but gives [the] individual the private ownership of capital", also readily contributed to the economic progress. The government supported the expansion of family-owned industries called "chaebol", examples of which are Hyundai and Samsung (BBC "Overview "). As predicted, these business conglomerates became the frontrunners of the booming South Korean economy. Politically, North Korea maintains a communist stance whereas South Korea adheres to democratic principles. Marxism-Leninism is the type of communism adapted by North Korea (Hwang). Kim Il-sung, the first head and considered the "Eternal president" of the North Korean government, promoted "Juche" - a political philosophy of self-reliance, which has become the foundation of the state's development (BBC "Overview"). Hwang states that Juche is actually brainwashing politics. From the fundamental concept that the human is the master of everything, Il-sung was able to justify an external closed-door policy and an internal dictatorship and hereditary succession (Hwang). The entire Northern state was militarized under the auspices of national defense. Hwang asserts that this caused a major breach between the North and South relations since South Korea seeks to unify through

Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 6

Management - Assignment Example The manager will be efficient but if the program had no relevance with the organization’s objective, then he or she would be efficient but not effective. If the program costs more, the manager would be effective but not efficient. Manager of an organization can improve both simultaneously by introducing the emergent technology. In busy offices, time wasting can cost the company immensely. For instance, the manager can introduce a printer that can print data from computers and this can improve efficiency and effectiveness within the workplace (Ehman). Good reputation is the most important thing as it adds value to an organization. Being ethical and socially responsible is part of having a good organization. For instance, Aflac is an insurance company that has had recognition for being among the most ethical companies in the world. They have made this successful by treating shareholders with integrity and honesty. Wal-Mart is almost the largest retailer and private company employer in the world. Despite the huge profits, it has faced stiff allegations from employees that they are not treating the right. First, the company employs illegal immigrants so that they can cut down costs. Sometimes they go unpaid when they work overtime. Many workers also complain of sexual discrimination and denial to medical care plans. Social account is an imaginary account built by being helpful to people and it is measurable by the strength of one’s relationship within a network. We can earn, save, and spend this capital. It takes time and investment to earn social capital and the best way is to use attitudes and behaviors, which will build social capital (Townsend 24). Social capital can be of use in critical situations of an organization in order to improve its reputation. It is essential to propose a leadership process that can work passably with performance appraisal of Management by Objective. This is in the view of

Seven Ancient Wonders Of The World Essay Example for Free

Seven Ancient Wonders Of The World Essay Man fears Time, yet Time fears the PyramidsThe Great Pyramid of Giza lies next to Cairo. It is today in greater Cairo. According to the wonders of the ancient world, the pyramid of Khufu is the only pyramid included in the list of the wonders. The other two of the pyramids of Giza are excluded from the list. This is the only monument of the seven wonders to survive till today in perfect condition and managing mere escapes from fires, earthquakes and other common disasters that hold a threat to anything other large artifact stands on earth. It today is in perfect condition despite its loss of height and its unperfected preservation of outside rock smoothness and quality. It was constructed by the Egyptian pharaoh: Khufu of the fourth dynasty. It held its purpose as his tomb, and a few years later its purpose came into use. It is the only surviving ancient wonder. The Hanging gardens of Babylon was located on the east coast of the river Euphrates. It is currently located 50 kms south of Baghdad in Iraq. These hanging gardens were built in the Babylonian empire at the time of the neo-Babylonian dynasty and built by the famous king Naboplashars son: Nebuchadnezzar II. Its purpose was to please the wife of Nebuchadnezzar, whom liked mountain, surrounded areas. The only remains of the gardens were the foundations excavated in more recent archaeological projects in Iraq. However the gardens were accurately reconstructed with many positive and negative arguments about the artificial structure. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were very well renowned for its system of water fountains, pipes and irrigation structures, which take care of the garden leaving the grass permanently green and the trees and bushes regularly watered. The statue of Zeus at Olympia was located in the ancient town of Olympia, on the modern map; the monument is located on the west coast of Greece, approximately 150 km west of Athens. The construction of the statue was completed in 450 BC. It was built in honor of the god Zeus. As the importance of the ancient Olympic Games in Greece became more demanding, important, and cultural, the Greeks needed a temple that was new, large, one worthy of the king of the gods. Thus they built the statue of Zeus. It was made a wonder of the ancient world due to its magnificent interior statue. It is well renowned for the statues sandals and robes which were made of gold and the temples Doric styled design. As the years passed, several natural disasters such as earthquakes, landslides and floods did immense damage to the structure. Later on, the inner statue of Zeus was transported to Constantinople. There it suffered from a fire and today the only remains of this temple are rocks and debris. The Ancient temple of Artemis is located in the ancient city of Ephesus near the modern city of Selcuk 50kms south of Izmir in Turkey. It was built in honour of the divinities of hunting, wild nature and fertility: the goddess Artemis. The structure was believed to be the most beautiful structure on Earth and was built around 550BC. The temple was both a market place and a religious institution. It was a temple built of the greatest marble and consisted of bronze statues of the goddesses. The temple was later on burned to the ground by Herostratus who wanted to immortalize his name under the name of history and existence and he was very successful. Then a law had been created that whoever spoke of him shall be executed. It was a coincidence that Alexander the great was born on the same night of destruction of the temple, and the goddess Artemis was too busy taking care of the birth of Alexander to save her temple. Though the temple was rebuilt and now named temple E, the temple which was actually the wonder is now nothing but foundations and rock. The mausoleum at Halicarnassus is located in the city of Bodrum (Halicarnassus) on the Aegean Sea in south west Turkey. It was built as a tomb for the king of the empire Caria. It was well renowned for its extreme beauty and the finest marble of which it was built with.it is also known for its beautiful inner statues. Later on in the early 16 century, the structure faced an end. The knights of st John built a massive crusading castle and decided to fortify it. Thus they used the mausoleum to supply their  material. They displaced every block from the mausoleum to build their walls. By 1522, the mausoleums foundations were also incomplete, it had been cleared. The Colossus of Rhodes was located at entrance of a harbor in the Mediterranean island of Rhodes at Greece. In 304BC, after the people of Rhodes came to a peace agreement with the Antigonids, they collected their leftover weapons from outside their territory where the Antigonids have been trying to siege Rhodes in order to break their alliance with Ptolemy I from Egypt. They sold the weapons and collected the money and built the statue in symbol of their freedom. It took 12 years to construct the structure, and it lived for only a mere 56 years. It was broken by an earthquake at its weakest point, its knees. Around AD654, it was sold to a Jew. The statue was well known for its amazing shape of it standing on two pieces of land which were joined the major island. Each mini peninsula had a leg on it and the statue lifting a torch into the sky. The statue was a divinity: the sun god of Rhodes-Helios. The Lighthouse of Alexandria was located on the island of pharos currently in Alexandria in Egypt. It was built in honor of the savior gods. It was necessary that they built that lighthouse because of the dangerous and rough rocked coastline of Alexandria. So they built it to save the ships from danger. It was very well renowned for its mirrors which could reflect light for over 50 miles. It was the only wonder of the seven wonders of the ancient world that had a purpose that would serve several people with an additional purpose other than religion. It was the most important of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient world. The list of the seven wonders of the ancient world was originally compiled around 200BC.many suggestions, arguments and changes have been made to the list when finally during the middle ages the list was recompiled, even though most of the monuments didnt even co-exist. For the ancient people and workers who built and saw the wonders being built to them was a celebration of either religion, peace, burial or afterlife ceremonies, freedom or simply the beauty of the structure like the hanging Gardens of  Babylon. others had a more important and divers purposes such as the Lighthouse of Alexandria which was built in honor of the savior gods and was built to help the ancient sailors to a peaceful trip back or to the harbor. Some structures like the Great Pyramid of Giza were spectacular and complicated structures with several passageways, corridors, traps and escape shafts to confuse tomb raiders. However, every single wonder was truly spectacular and the ancient world wouldnt have bee n able to support its massive reputation without these structures. Bibliography http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/pyramid.htmlhttp://www.unmuseum.org/ztemp.htmhttp://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/zeus.htmlhttp://www.cnn.com/TRAVEL/DESTINATIONS/9705/seven.wonders/http://www.crystalinks.com/seven.html

Transformation of Islam: Islam in the societies of Central Asia Essay e

The next work used to study the Islamic government is â€Å"Siyasatnama† (â€Å"Treatise on government†) which provides a model of statecraft and administrative practice. â€Å"Siyasatnama† was written by a distinguished statesman of 11th century, a grand vizier, Abu ‘Ali al-Hasan al-Tusi (1018-92), who was given a title of â€Å"Nizam al-Mulk† (â€Å"the regulator of the state†) for faithful service to Seljuk sultans Alp Arslan and Malik-Shakh (Ibn Khallikan, page 90). â€Å"Siyasatnama† is chosen for present investigation because it reflects social and political life and moral values of the Seljuk period (Scott Meisami, page 145). â€Å"Siyasatnama† allows approaching the Islamic government from two perspectives. First, the Seljuk environment in the late 11th century will be discussed, and last, Nizam al-Mulk’s life experience will be considered. The 11th century Islamic world was characterized by strife and turmoil (Zakhodyor, page 244). Different sects appeared undermining the unity of the ummah, and the Ismailian sect of Muslims was gaining strength in Khorasan (Scott Meisami, page 161). Constant struggle for power between Shiites, Sunnis, and heterodoxy weakened the protection of the state, what was enjoyed by other nations taking military campaigns against Seljuks (for example, Dandanaqan battle) (lecture 2, week 7). In such political situation viziers were especially important, and a valuable contribution to strengthen the Seljuk Empire was made by Nizam al-Mulk, who conducted the state's domestic and foreign policies. Nizam al-Mulk’s theory of government is mainly based on a religious approach. Indeed, Seljuk court was important protectors of Islamic traditions (lecture 2, week 7). A picture of Seljuks as ardent Muslims is given by Aristakes Lastivertc’I ... ...y Nizam al-Mulk’s deep piety. Nizam al-Mulk devotes much attention to strengthening the faith on which Islamic government is based. Nizam al-Mulk relates that when the faith is weakened the state collapses (Ð ¡Ã ¸Ã' Ã' Ã °Ã'‚Ð ½Ã °Ã ¼Ã °, page 61). Indeed, ideology really matters for theocracies, it is the main factor that unites it, and destroying of it lead to break up of the whole state. To sum up, the issues of justice, virtue, and benevolence raised in the work determine the political views of its author. In turn, a socio-political system built by Seljuks had a significant impact on the formation of Nizam al-Mulk’s views. Thus, â€Å"Siyasatnama† is not only an excellent literary monument but also an important material in studying an Islamic governmental system of the Middle Ages, which contains a knowledge gained in practice and gives an idea of what an ideal government should be.

Case Study Of Severe Behavioural Problems Education Essay

Child X is in the Year One category of a Primary School which is close to her place. Child X is one of eight kids, some live with their aunty and the remainder live in the same house with their female parent and male parent. The kid ‘s male parent is a dual leg amputee, his first leg was removed before Child X was born and since Child X was born he has had the other leg removed, every bit good as a pollex. The female parent is out most eventides socializing with friends and leaves the kids at place with the male parent. They moved onto a local council estate merely as Child X was born, they moved from another council estate in the country. There is small everyday in the house, packed tiffins non being made, tubing of chip given to the kid for their dinner etc. Home reading books are non given to take place as they are non brought back or are brought back damaged. Social Services are to a great extent involved with the household every bit good as the staff at school. There is a batch of inquiry over the hygiene of the kids, frequent caput lice, same leotardss etc for the whole hebdomad. Attendance and promptness of the kid are above norm with Child X being in school or on clip 18 out of 20 five yearss which is above the norm for the category. There is no fright in Child X, effects do non work, the instructor confirmed this ; detailing effects that have been tried in the yesteryear. Child X has numeracy aid every twenty-four hours where a group of six kids are taken out to a little schoolroom and are given excess support with their work. This besides happens on a Monday where they are taken for societal skills/ raising. There is no parental engagement with the kid ‘s school work, when the reading book was allowed place it was non read and besides prep, when given, is non brought back, there should be no inquiry as to stationary non being available as the kids are provided with pencils, gum elastics and coloring crayons. Steer, 2009, â€Å" Evidence suggests that parental engagement in the early old ages helps a kid develop secure fond regards, assisting them to set up personal and learning accomplishments. Parents demoing involvement in their kid ‘s instruction by speaking to them on a regular basis about thei r advancement appear to hold a considerable consequence their result. † ( Steer, 2009, pg 54 ) As this does non go on with Child X there is a clear apprehension as to why Child Ten is demoing limited to minimum patterned advance during school. It is besides apparent that this has besides affected the attachment bond with the kid, with no accomplishments being transferred from the parents to Child X. Observations in the schoolroom aid to understand the kid more as it is possible for the perceiver to see what the triggers are with the kid. Assorted observations were done on the kid at assorted times ; the observations are included in the appendix. The first of the observations was of Child X during a rug activity ( Appendices A ) with the category, 28 kids and four grownups. The kid was observed during the lesson speaking out of bend, non seting their manus up, even though there is a posting reminding the kids to set their manus up. Rogers and McPherson, 2008, pg 12, suggests that a posting be used, â€Å" A ocular posting cue can help kids ‘s short term memory here. The posting is displayed on the board, able to be seen by all kids. It illustrates how kids have their manus up ( without naming out or clicky fingers. ) † Although this method does work with the other kids in the category, it does non work with Child X ; the posting was seeable to the kid during the lesson. During the lesson the kid was besides swaying backwards and forwards on the rug which was interrupting the kids that wanted to larn. The 2nd observation was whilst the kid was playing with a little sum of kids ( Appendices B ) during this clip the kid was observed non fall ining in conversation with the other kids, even though this was to the full expected and encouraged from myself. Under the Independent reappraisal of the primary course of study Rose, 2009, pg 77, suggests that kids are to be taught a scope of societal and emotional accomplishments this is because these accomplishments are used a great trade in the instruction of the kids and their development. Besides during the observation the kid snatched from another kid and was really aggressive when making so this could be to make with competition and attending seeking at place, â€Å" A common description of such nuisance or attention- seeking behavior is: They fidget, tap swayers, pencils or pess, whistling or sing showily, swing on chair tipped perilously rearward, roam around the room, crawl about under desks, bit others ‘ books and pencils. â⠂¬  ( Cooper, 1999, pg 165. ) Child X displayed a batch of these behaviors during this clip ; this could be to make with the sum of kids in the house and the competition. During the observation of the kid during play clip during their dinner hr ( Appendices C ) Child C was observed to be looking dark and disquieted whilst coloring in with her friend when another kid come over to the tabular array to color in. Duffy, 2003, pg 15 describes how a kid is seen to be saturnine, disengaged and bemused this is because a kid ‘s choler has been curbed. Child X was besides observed to preferring to stay entirely, on the quietest tabular array, the kid besides stated that they prefer to and make play on their ain at place. Harmonizing to Schaefer and O'Connor1994, pg 396, â€Å" The lone wolf kid is more frequently on of the younger kids in the household. This kid is born into a household system with no topographic point to suit. This kid cowers from the behavior of the troubled kid and withdraws into a universe of phantasy, books and animate beings. † This is appropriate as Child X is amongst seven other kids and is amongst the youngest of the kids with two other kids being younger. There is once more an apprehension that this could be because Child X has to attending seek and be amongst a batch of competition at place so now shadows from others in order to no hold to make so. However this is non good for her instruction, â€Å" Classmate support, friendly socializing with schoolmates is believed to act upon pupils ‘ satisfaction with school because it may foster the demand for relatedness. In add-on to beef uping the bonding between pupils, positive pupil interaction may foster pupils ‘ demand for competency and liberty through a shared focal point on larning activities. † Danielsen, 2009, pg 305 if Child X defers from socializing with other kids so the satisfaction with school is degraded and the acquisition is so decreased. During the observation of the kid before traveling place ( Appendices D ) the most imperative behavior that was observed was the ceaseless reverie before traveling place, this was besides observed at other times, this affects their acquisition, â€Å" Similarly, a kid ‘s reverie, passiveness and under- public presentation in the schoolroom could be dissocialise behaviour, or the consequence of limited intelligence and failure to grok due to traumatic, nervous tract disorganization. † ( Hughes and Archer, 2003, pg 137 ) The woolgathering demands to be looked at in order to derive some schemes to control this and heighten Child X ‘s acquisition in the schoolroom and encouragement intelligence. Child X was observed during their mathematics lesson which was in a little schoolroom with six other kids ( Appendices E ) during this lesson the kids are given a biscuit if they have non eaten, Child X misled the instructor by stating that they had non eaten even though they had. Lewis and Saarni, 1993, pg 93 describe the behavior of the kids when they lie about nutrient, â€Å" Children are non stupid nor are they foolish. After merely one or two interactions like this, the kid discovers that if she admits to eating the cooky she will be punished. She lies to avoid the penalty. † Child X lied to avoid the penalty of eating a biscuit when she had already eaten. The childhood experiences have affected Child X ‘s societal and emotional development in a terrible manner, which is imperative to their acquisition and development, â€Å" Childhood is a important phase in physical, rational and psychosocial development, so kids with mental wellness jobs can fight with their instruction, societal accomplishments, general wellness and friendly relationships. † ( Honeyman, 2007, pg 39 ) Child X is amongst a larger than mean household and this could impact her societal and emotional accomplishments for a assortment of grounds, as described by Lask and Lask, 1982, pg17, â€Å" The most likely accounts are than in big households the parents have less clip to pass with each kid and so may supply less stimulation and instruction. Further, big households tend to be more disorganised, and so both verbal interchange and subject could be inconsistent and baffled. Finally, strife and inharmoniousness in big households are more likely. † As Child X is portion of a large household there is less clip for the parents to pass clip with her, which is decreasing the opportunity for societal interaction between parents and kid. This is besides impacting the kid ‘s behavior as subject is more than probably kept to a minimal due to chaos in the house as there is a deficiency of modus operandi. Jardine, 2008, [ Online ] explains that a kid who is raised in a larger househol ds benefits with their societal and emotional accomplishments this is because they learn new accomplishments, â€Å" Children from larger households get into fewer battles, and are better at doing and maintaining friends. Through holding siblings, kids learn empathy, squad playing, satisfaction postponement, time-management and how to decide differences. † As Child X is in a bigger household so she should hold learnt emotional and societal accomplishments that will profit her in her educational scene and in her approaching life. Chid X has besides grown up with her male parent being a dual leg amputee, this certainly will hold effected her emotional development in a positive manner, Rogers believes that holding a parent who is disabled strengthens a kid ‘s emotions, â€Å" Some kids with a handicapped parent were asked what strengths they got from holding a handicapped parent and the responses included doggedness and inventiveness. † ( Rogers, 2005, pg 71 ) Child X will hold built the emotional accomplishments to be able to persist in things she does as she will hold seen her male parent do so with his disablement. However it is unknown for Child X to demo the accomplishments of inventiveness in the schoolroom where there has been a batch of chance to make so. However Byng-Hall considers that kids who live with a handicapped parent may bottle up a batch of choler and may show it at any clip, â€Å" A kid might get down to show the feelings of the handicapped parent or those of the parent who mi ght now experience trapped by their handicapped spouse. A kid may give blowhole to the choler, defeat, and depression which are his or her household ‘s every bit good as his or her ain. † ( Byng- Hall, 1998, pg 266 Having observed and worked with Child X for many months I believe that Byng- Hall is right with the emotions of the kid being angry and defeated, this is due to many possibilities of lost chances due to the male parent being in a wheelchair and the evident deficiency of the female parent in the eventide. These feelings are halting Child Ten from developing both emotional and in her instruction. Not merely have Child X ‘s earlier and current experiences effected her emotional and societal development they besides are impacting her acquisition whilst in the schoolroom. The first 1 is the nutrition of the kid, no breakfast is given usually and when it is ; it usually consists of a package or tubing of chip non part controlled. This is impacting Child X ‘s acquisition in the schoolroom as deemed by Gurian, Henley and Trueman, 2001, pg 86 â€Å" If a five twelvemonth old is under emotional emphasis, she has great trouble commanding herself or larning. If she is under emotional emphasis, the same is true. † As Child X has no breakfast some yearss this could be a factor into the deficiency of acquisition and in-put from the kid. However Child X does sometimes hold a breakfast of chip or Sweets which is under some contention with some practicians believing that kids holding fast nutrient for their breakfast additions their consequences when making scrutinies, cou ld this hike their acquisition in the schoolroom every bit good, â€Å" When given a pre-exam, fast-food tiffin, which contained eight per cent more Calories than usual, the kids ‘s classs were, on norm, seven per cent higher for maths and history, and four per cent for English. † ( Hoe, 2005, [ online ] ) There is a figure of statistics that show that devouring fast nutrient does assist to better a kid ‘s scrutiny consequences, nevertheless this would non be approved by the regulating organic structures for kids to eat fast nutrient everyday to better consequences. This is because there is much research into the apprehension that eating fast nutrient and nutrients which contain high Numberss of additives are factors towards a kid ‘s behavior, â€Å" Diets high in processed nutrients are doing bad behavior and larning troubles in kids, scientists have warned. They claim debris nutrient stops the encephalon from working decently, taking to underachievement a nd a host of upsets. † Hope, 2005, [ online ] During some of the observations Child X was seen to be twenty-four hours woolgathering during the rug work and on occasion during independent work and at place clip Brandell describes how certain types of kids can on occasion ‘go into ‘ a reverie and non pay attending to what is go oning, â€Å" For illustration misss tend to hold more jobs with attendings and may prosecute in reverie, may hold trouble treating information and following waies, or may be diffident and withdrawn. Girls with hyperactivity can by and large be hyper talkative. † ( Brandell, 2010, pg 303 ) Brandell looks at the procedure of woolgathering as a symptom of a kid with ADD or ADHD, and that the kid will be slow at treating the information. However Fries, 2009, [ Online ] believes that kids who do reveries are in fact intelligent and imaginative, â€Å" For the most portion, kids are natural, fecund, and happy woolgatherers, and the procedure plays an of import function in their development l ives. Too frequently, nevertheless, parents and instructors are speedy to label reverie as a symptom of an Attention Deficit Disorder or the mark of a shirker in the devising. A new survey finds that â€Å" positive-constructive † reverie, even when heavy in form, is non related to psychological upsets as some have antecedently thought, but instead is a normal activity that reflects the woolgatherer ‘s inventive inclinations and enjoyment of woolgathering. † When detecting Child X woolgathering she seemed to be in a happy reverie instead than a chilling or withdrawing dream. However as with Brandell Child X displays jobs with attending, finds it hard to follow instructions and can look to be withdrawn when around other kids. French friess on the other manus has looked at this on a more neuro-scientifical manner instead than diagnostically. There is there neuroscience theory of a kid ‘s behavior and so there is besides the fond regard theory which does impact the manner a kid behavior and learns in the schoolroom. â€Å" Harmonizing to fond regard theory our first relationship with our carers acts as a womb-to-tomb templet, modeling and determining our capacity to come in into, and maintain, successful subsequent relationships with household, friends and spouses. It is believed that these early and powerful experiences with the people who foremost looked after us will determine our long-run emotional well-being. † ( Hall, 2007, [ online ] ) Having observed and worked with Child X for some clip it has come to my cognition that she does hold symptoms of reactive fond regard upset these being, † Young kids may look withdrawn and passive. They may disregard others or react to others in uneven ways. Some may look excessively familiar with aliens and touch or cleaving to people they ‘ve merely met. Ho wever, they lack empathy for others. Their behavior comes across to others as needy and strange, unlike the normal friendliness of kids. Other symptoms of reactive fond regard upset in kids can include the undermentioned: inability to larn from errors ( hapless cause-and-effect thought ) larning jobs or holds in acquisition, unprompted behavior, unnatural address forms, destructive or barbarous behavior † ( Bower, 2010 [ online ] ) Child X displays many of these symptoms in the schoolroom, this could be a factor to the behavioral issues that have happened in the schoolroom. Even though attachment upsets are produced during the early phases of a kid ‘s life, it stays with them throughout their life and affects the people that they meet from instructors, foremans friends and future spouses. As Child X ‘s male parent was in and out of infirmary during the early portion of her childhood, there was small bond formed with both Child Ten and her male parent, which could hold a large impact on the kid ‘s instruction. However Bowlby implies that the primary health professional and the individual most receptive to making a bond is the female parent, â€Å" The implicit in premise of Bowlby ‘s Maternal Deprivation Hypothesis is that continual break of the fond regard between baby and primary health professional ( i.e. female parent ) † Simply Psychology, 2010, [ online ] Even though a male parent can lend to the upbringing of the kid, Bowlby believes that male parent is non a chief subscriber and so is non a primary health professional and so will non organize a bond and her fond regard and behavior will be challenged throughout her life. However upon looking at the behavior of Child X farther, their behaviour tantrums more with a kid who has Avoidant upset fond regard. â€Å" Extreme shyness, particularly while confronting a new state of affairs, hypersensitivity to unfavorable judgment, rejection and other negative appraisal, Avoidance of societal every bit good as occupational interaction and activities, particularly if they require interpersonal contact, Low self-pride, ego abhorrence and a sense of insufficiency and lower status, Fantasying about the state of affairss that they normally avoid in world, Keeping a certain distance even in confidant relationship, for the fright of being ridiculed. † Bora, 2010, [ on-line ] Child X shows many of these behaviors in the schoolroom and other environments in the school with a assortment of people within the environment. The avoidant fond regard is imperative to the deficiency of parents that were and are around whilst Child X is turning up, the male parent being i n infirmary and the female parent socialization, there is besides a figure of other kids who may take up a batch of attending from both parents. As we as organizing an fond regard with their health professional, Learning Theories, 2010, [ on-line ] understands that kids need a assortment of different facets fulfilled in their life to develop in life and in their instruction such things are, for the kid to hold a sense of worth, achievement, and regard for others and belongings it besides includes attention for others, familiarities and ownerships, etc. There are many other demands that are needed for the kid to take a successful and content life and instruction, upon looking at the demands Child Ten seems to be unfortunate to non run into them all, such as holding a sense of worth and non taking ownership of their ain work which is indispensable in their instruction. However as this country of demands is at the top of the ‘pyramid ‘ it could be seen as Child X has non progressed to that degree, although it is possible that she may non come on with limited to no construction in her place life the safety needs country are non being met as this requires way and permanency, with no organisation and the parents being in and out of the house the kid may non derive a sense and apprehension of this. On the other manus there is besides and understanding that each kid starts at the underside and must come on through each phase singly, though some of the demands do consequence some of the other demands and so they can run into these accordingly which Maslow believes should non go on, so is this truly the best theory to look at and for educational leaders to follow? It is more realistic to look at the consequence that Bowlby ‘s fond regard theory has on a kid ‘s instruction, life and behavior as the manner a kid builds relationships holds a great trade of duty on the manner a kid ‘s life is structured. This is because if a kid feels loved and safe in their environment they feel content there is no demand for the battle or flight response as they are comfy in their life. Looking at the theory of Maslow ‘s hierarchy of demands there is jobs and defects with the manner a kid understands and develops those accomplishments and many of the accomplishments learnt throughout a homo ‘s life are needed during the earl phases and throughout the educational development phase. Looking at Child X ‘s behavior there is an apprehension that it has effects on her instruction and societal development within school. Child X has legion behavioral jobs nevertheless there are four imperative behaviors that are impacting her instruction. The first of these is the deficiency of regard and apprehension of the world that her behavior has effects whether it is good or bad ; Child X does non respond to effects whether it involves remaining in a playday or the loss of ‘golden clip ‘ . The school besides hosts a traffic visible radiation system ( Appendices F ) which does non ensue in set uping Child X ‘s behavior. Child X besides has behavioral issues when making rug work within the whole category, behavioral issues during this clip are ill-disciplined as the work done at this clip help the kid ‘s independent work subsequent to the rug work. If Child X is acting in a hard manner it is deflecting herself from larning every bit good as the other kids who are besides sat on the rug, besides the instructor ‘s attending is focused on her instead than other kids who may be fighting with understanding the work. The behavior that besides affects Child X ‘s acquisition is the attending seeking from the kid from both the instructor and the instruction helper ‘s in the category. After looking into the affair of the attending seeking it has come to my cognition that the behavior of Child X could besides be related to enduring from Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder ( ADHD ) Mellor and Weymont, 1997, pg 19 discusses the indicants of a kid with ADHD, â€Å" As a really unsmooth manner of separating the two we can concentrate on the hyperactivity facets of ADHD and attending seeking. The kid who displays a great trade of activity in the category as a manner of obtaining attending will about surely be happy to settle to work rather calmly with the instructor 1:1. If the kid continues to fidget and travel all the clip and you suspect ADHD discuss this with your particular needs co-ordinator and school medical officer. † However Child X will fidget when working one to one with a instructor it is no different to those who have acceptable behavior in the schoolroom so ADHD will non be a immense factor in the schemes that will be attempted with Child X. The concluding important behavioral issues is the deficiency of socialization accomplishments from Child X with the other kids, the societal accomplishments are needed for the kids to develop in their educational scene this is verified by an article by Garner, 2001, [ online ] which states, â€Å" Teachers ‘ leaders warn that a turning figure of students are geting for their first twenty-four hours at school without the societal accomplishments they need to acquire by. David Hart, the general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, said: â€Å" I ‘m non in the least surprised about the figures. They show primary school caputs are holding to cover with a turning figure of kids from dysfunctional households, and it is clearly non sensible to maintain students in school who are damaging the instruction of others. † The societal accomplishments are needed from each kid to guarantee that there are no dissensions in the category and that the kids can set about merely group treatments without impacting the instruction of the other kids. Child X has great trouble keeping friendly relationships and upholding and holding a position during treatments with the other kids in the category, which in many ways is doing schoolroom rifts which are taking to the instructor taking clip out of a lesson to discourse the issues and effects of such clangs. Now that we have defined the behavioral issues of Child X and the effects on her instruction, it is now clip to look at the schemes that could be used within the educational scene which can so besides be used at place I shall look at these in a critical manner looking at how they could be seen more as a hinderance instead than a aid to her instruction. The first scheme I shall look at is the deficiency of consequence that countenances have in Child X, nevertheless Porter, 2008, pg 9 believes in a strategy which does non affect rebuke or inducement for kids ‘s behavior in the schoolroom. She believes that kids should be taught behavior as such like a normal course of study lesson in the schoolroom, utilizing the same methods and resources as you would for any other lesson. On the other manus Wagner, 2002, pg 85 illustrates how wagess can excite kids in the schoolroom, â€Å" Children like wagess, which keep their enthusiasm and willingness steady, † Like Wagner I do belie ve that wagess help to enthuse and promote the students to act in the right mode, but as seen with Child X such wagess do non change the manner in which she behaves. Child Ten does hold fostering on a Monday with a Particular Support Assistant along with five other kids, upon treatment with the SSA it is evident that Child X is doing slow patterned advance, but is finally doing advancement, this could be the method of learning kids good behavior that Porter was proposing to make instead than wagess and penalty. One scheme that has been research to battle the behavioral issues whilst Child X is making rug work, with the remainder of the category ; is tactically disregarding the kid. Rogers, 2007, pg 144 examines the usage of tactically disregarding the kid, â€Å" Tactically disregarding each pupil who calls out while reacting to those utilizing the custodies up regulation. Tactical ignoring is merely helpful if the pupils really sense that the instructor is conveying a message about selective attending to allow behavior. † Ignoring the naming out of Child X may trip her to set her manus up when she wants to reply or inquire a inquiry ; on the other manus tactically disregarding a kid can be seen as a negative in the schoolroom as Westwood explains, â€Å" While it is common to see the frequence of unwanted behavior in a kid as something to cut down, it is more positive to see the non- disruptive ( appropriate ) behaviors as something to honor and therefore addition. It is a aureate regulation to be much more positive and encouraging than be critical and negative in interactions with pupils. † ( Westwood, 2002, pg 73 ) Westwood examines how instead than merely disregarding the awkward behavior as Rogers suggests making, instructors should unite this with positive remarks and praising the kid for the right behavior. Wagess could besides be used, but as examined earlier Child X does non respond to wagess in the schoolroom. There are many schemes to contend the attending seeking behavior that Child X shows such as, â€Å" 1. Give the pupil a place of duty in the schoolroom and promote him/her to put a good illustration for others ( e.g. , go throughing out documents ) .2. Post a chart in the forepart of the room defining the regulations to be followed when reacting. For illustration: 1. Raise your manus if you wish to speak. 2. Wait to be called on. 3. Listen while others talk. 3. Delegate the pupil a particular undertaking of involvement and allow him/her show the study to the class.4. Ignore the pupil ‘s raging remarks, but give congratulations when the pupil describes his/her existent accomplishments. † ( Teacher Vision, 2010, [ online ] ) Again concentrating on the instructor is to disregard the behavioral jobs from the kid ; there is a farther issue with this, which may take to the kid ‘s behavior exasperating, â€Å" Likewise, merely disregarding kids ‘s early riotous beh avior and offending is linked to continued and more serious piquing over clip. † ( Cipriani, 2009, pg 162 ) As Cipriani suggests the bad behavior should be made clear to the kid that it is un-acceptable behavior ; this will do clear that such behaviors will non be tolerated in the schoolroom. The concluding behavioral issue that needs farther intercession is the deficiency of societal accomplishments displayed by Child X, presently there is in topographic point a particular session where Child X is taken out of the category to travel to a raising group with some other kids, this last for an hr and it helps kids to heighten their societal and anger direction accomplishments. There are studies which show that kids in a raising group have their societal accomplishments and life accomplishments dramatically improved, â€Å" The input is intense – congratulations and encouragement are changeless – and the wagess are high. The London borough of Enfield has had raising groups since 1981, and now has 13, which it supports with preparation. A survey here in the Nineties showed that 83 per cent of kids who had been supported in a raising group were able to later map in the schoolroom without extra aid, compared to merely 55 per cent of kids with similar jobs who had non had the raising group experience. † ( Wiles, 2007, online ) There are beaming statistics at that place to inform those of the great aid that kids in a raising group receive, nevertheless there is histories of the raising groups increasing the bad behavior of the kids, â€Å" There are for illustration, studies of really hard raising groups which really reach a crescendo of bad behavior before quieting down and consolidating † ( Barnes, 1999, pg 103 ) As the raising session is in the early phases, it would be more beneficially to let Child X to go on in the categories and supervise her betterment and development. There are future developments in the schoolroom go arounding around the societal accomplishments country harmonizing to OECD, 2010, pg 213 â€Å" I remember being really impressed at the clip by the fact that instructor trainees in pattern learning non merely has to hold a curricular and didactic apprehension of how they were traveling to learn but besides needed to demo an elaborate and good developed program about how they were traveling to work with a specific diverse category to heighten societal coherence in the schoolroom and to learn pro societal values and societal accomplishments. † The writer has seen trainee instructors in other states larning how to affect societal accomplishments into their instruction and to use any available resources. There are programs to convey such instructions over to England in the approaching old ages ; this would let kids such as Child X to derive and spread out such accomplishments whilst in the schoolroom instead than for them to be taken out of the schoolroom. Having observed Child X at assorted occasions and produced a instance survey, it was effortless to happen out the behaviors that were unacceptable. It was besides looked into as to how Child X ‘s early life experience have effected and go on to consequence her instruction and her societal and emotional development. There was besides the research into how Bowlby ‘s fond regard theory could hold besides made Child X ‘s behaviour improper and explicate the deficiency of societal accomplishments. Having been able to understand the consequent behaviors displayed by Child X it was so gettable to develop schemes that could be used in the schoolroom to assist discourage the behavioral issues ; this was done in a critical manner. After looking at the schemes critically it was clear that there was no definite scheme to assist Child X, although there are future developments into instructors being able to affect societal accomplishments into course of study lessons. Bibliography Positive behavior Barnes, R ( 1993 ) Positive Teaching, Positive Learning Oxon: Routledge Bora, C ( 2010 ) ‘Avoidant Personality Disorder Symptoms ‘ Buzzle Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.buzzle.com/articles/avoidant-personality-disorder-symptoms.html [ Accessed 6th April 2010 ] Bower, J ( 2010 ) ‘Reactive attachment upset of babyhood or early childhood ‘ Encyclopaedia of Mental Disorders Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.minddisorders.com/Py-Z/Reactive-attachment-disorder-of-infancy-or-early-childhood.html [ Accessed 4th April 2010 ] Brandell, J ( 2010 ) Theory & A ; Practice in Clinical Social Work ( 2nd Ed ) London: Sage Publications Byng- Hall, J ( 1998 ) Rewriting Family Scripts: Improvisation and Systems Change Oxon: Guildford Press Cipriani, D ( 2009 ) Children ‘s Rights and the Minimum Age of Criminal Responsibility: A Global Perspective Surrey: Ashgate Publishing Cooper, P ( 1999 ) Understanding and back uping kids with emotional and behavioral troubles London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Danielsen, A ( 2009 ) ‘School- related societal support and pupils ‘ perceived life satisfaction. ‘ The diary of Educational Research Vol.102 No.41 March/April pp 303-318 Duffy, W ( 2003 ) Children and mourning ( 2nd Ed ) London: Church House Publication French friess, A ( 2009 ) ‘How Daydreaming Helps Children Process Information and Explore Ideas ‘ Psychology Today Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-power-daydreaming/200910/how-daydreaming-helps-children-process-information-and-explore-ide [ Accessed 3rd April 2010 ] Garner, R ( 2001 ) ‘Children aged four expelled for deficiency of societal accomplishments ‘ Independent Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/children-aged-four-expelled-for-lack-of-social-skills-617205.html [ Accessed 6th April 2010 ] Gurian, M Henley, P and Trueman, T ( 2001 ) Boys and Girls Learn Differently: A Guide for Teachers and Parents London: Wiley Hall, J ( 2007 ) ‘Attachment: Supporting immature kids ‘s emotional well-being ‘ Teaching Expertise Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teachingexpertise.com/articles/attachment-supporting-young-childrens-emotional-wellbeing-2358 [ Accessed 3rd April 2010 ] Hoe, L ( 2005 ) ‘Brain nutrient does n't hold to be fast ‘ Telegraph Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.telegraph.co.uk/health/dietandfitness/3316517/Brain-food-doesnt-have-to-be-fast.html [ Accessed 3rd April 2010 ] Honeyman, C ( 2007 ) ‘Recognising mental wellness jobs in kids and immature people ‘ Paediatric Nursing Vol. 19 No. 8 October pp 38-44 Hope, J ( 2005 ) ‘Junk nutrient diet makes kids severely behaved ‘ Daily Mail Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.dailymail.co.uk/health/article-347122/Junk-food-diet-makes-children-badly-behaved.html [ Accessed 3rd April 2010 ] Hughes, D and Archer, C ( 2003 ) Trauma, fond regard and household permanency: fright can halt you loving London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers Jardine, C ( 2008 ) ‘The bigger the household the better, says Cassandra Jardine ‘ Telegraph Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.telegraph.co.uk/education/3356892/The-bigger-the-family-the-better-says-Cassandra-Jardine.html [ Accessed 2nd April 2010 ] Lask, J and Lask, B ( 1982 ) Child Psychiatry and Social Work London: Routledge Learning Theories ( 2010 ) ‘Maslow ‘s Hierarchy of Needs ‘ Learning Theories Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.learning-theories.com/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html [ Accessed 6th April 2010 ] Lewis, M and Saarni, C ( 1993 ) Liing and misrepresentation in mundane life New York: Guildford Press Mellor, N and Weymont, D ( 1997 ) Attention Seeking: A Practical Solution for the Classroom London: Sage Publications OECD ( 2010 ) Educational Research and Innovation Educating Teachers for Diversity Bedfordshire: OECD Printing Pound, L ( 2008 ) Young kids ‘s behavior: Practical attacks for health professionals and instructors ( 3rd Ed ) Sydney: MacLennan & A ; Petty Publishers Rogers, B ( 2008 ) Behaviour Management A whole school attack ( 2nd Ed ) London: Sage Publications Rogers, B and McPherson, E ( 2008 ) Behaviour direction with immature kids important first stairss with kids 3-7 old ages London: Sage Publications LTD Rogers, J ( 2005 ) The Disabled Woman ‘s Guide to Pregnancy and Birth ( 2nd Ed ) London: Demonstrations Rose, J ( 2009 ) Independent Review of the Primary Curriculum: Concluding Report Nottingham: DCSF Publications Schaefer, C and O'Connor, K ( 1994 ) Handbook of Play Therapy: Progresss and inventions London: Wiley Printing Simply Psychology ( 2010 ) ‘Bowlby Attachment Theory ‘ Simply Psychology Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.simplypsychology.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/bowlby.html [ Accessed 6th April 2010 ] Steer, A ( 2009 ) Learning Behaviour: Lessons Learned A reappraisal of behavior criterions and patterns in our school. Nottingham: DCSF Publications Teaching Ideas ( 2010 ) ‘Traffic visible radiations ‘ Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teachingideas.co.uk/more/management/trafficlights.htm [ Accessed 9th April 2010 ] Teacher Vision ( 2010 ) ‘Classroom Management Strategies ‘ Teacher Vision Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.teachervision.fen.com/classroom-management/behavioral-problems/26200.html # 8 [ Accessed 9th April 2010 ] Wagner, A ( 2002 ) Worried No More: Aid and Hope for Anxious Children New York: Lighthouse Publishing Inc Westwood, P ( 2002 ) Commonsense Methods for Children with Particular Needs: Schemes for the Regular Classroom ( 4th Ed ) London: Routledge Falmer Publishers Trickeries, H ( 2007 ) ‘Nurture groups: Can they forestall bad behavior in the schoolroom? ‘ Independent Available from: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.independent.co.uk/news/education/schools/nurture-groups-can-they-prevent-bad-behaviour-in-the-classroom-401454.html [ Accessed 9th April 2010 ]

Who is the real Alcibiades?

According to Gribble (1999) Alcibiades is one of the most famous political people from Greece in the ancient history who came from a one of the powerful families in the ancient Greek.He is said to have been a very courageous man, ambitious but yet with bad morals Apart from being an active person in the political issues he was also talented in giving good speeches an art that he was taught by one of his great teachers who at that time was the Socrates.His life in politicsAlcibiades started his career in politics during the time of a war called the Peloponnesian war that involved the people of Sparta and Greece. In this war Alcibiades with his ambitions wanted to lead the army to continue fighting so that Greek would win over the Spartans because there were signs that the war was ending.Nicias who was representing and commanding the army in Greek had entered into peace deals with the people of Sparta. So one day some people from Sparta were sent to Athens the city of Greece to deliver a message of peace to the people of Greece going specifically through Nicias Gribble (1999).As discussed in Gribble (1999) while they were there Alcibiades through his sweet talk managed to convince them to oppose the idea of having peace between the two regions as it would only benefit Nicias. By doing all this he undermined the efforts of Athens and Sparta of wanting to make peace with the Spartans by giving false information to the people who had been sent from Sparta to negotiate with Nicias.Following the information that Sparta the war resumed with the people of Athens blaming Nicias who latter on lost political trust among the people of Athens and in effort to ensure that they maintained their powerful status that Greek was holding in the society they appointed Alcibiades to be the commander of their army starting a political career that led him to problems until his death at a war while he was still a commander.The other wars that he in participated in include the war agains t the Abydos, Chalydon and other wars that were outside the city of Athens in which his strategies were said to have succeeded in setting the enemies against the Athenians.Roles he playedAs summarized in   Gribble (1999) at the time he was the commander Alcibiades made so many enemies because of this habit of changing political stands and taking actions that cost the lives of people and some of his actions were considered not to be moral in the society.This was seen when at the start of his political life he led campaigns that were portraying Athenians as people who were so aggressive in using their power during the Peloponnesian war. He had used the Sparta people to achieve his own intentions in that manner made friends with them since they thought of him as being their true friend.In addition to that Gribble (1999) at the time Athens went to war with Sicily he was accused of disobeying the rules that had been set by the army and disobeying the other rulers which made the enemies in Athens wanting to kill him.He then ran to Sparta and from there he again incited the Spartan against the Athenians in the war that came afterwards. As an adviser to the Spartans he made them to withdraw the support that they were giving in aid for war that had just ended in Athens getting their support.Gribble (1999) he then went back to Athens by promising the people of Athens that he would facilitate a process that would ensure they get a new constitution. He also promised to take riches to them from Sparta and with all the sincerity they accepted him back. After he was taken back the military gave him a big position where he planned to undermine the commander by spreading information that the Athens military had persuaded him to return so as to bring change when he failed to fulfill his promises.How he looked as a traitorThrough all the actions that he led Alcibiades was always seen inciting many people who were against Athens. He used to draw the attention of those people by luring them through talks, using money, false promises among other favors.This made Greece to face a tough time in dealing with its enemies as given that there was someone like Alcibiades who had most of the information about Greece many of their war secrets were give out making them to be more cautious on the strategies that they were using. By doing all this evil deeds at the last minute he was disowned by the people when the war ended and he was left to the enemies who killed him Gribble (1999).

The effects of water essays

The effects of water essays I have chosen to write my paper on the effects that we have on our most important resource, water. The article I chose to go along with my paper was out of The Detroit News 5-24-00. The article discussed the problems that Metro Detroit has had with their outbreaks of e. coli in many of the area beaches. After reading the article I thought that it would be a great idea to look further into the problems our country faces with water and the way we use it. In the past fifty years nations have gone to war over oil. In the next fifty years we are going to go to war over water (Simon 18). The current world population of approximately 5.9 Billion will double in the next forty -ninety years. To further compound the water shortages, human consumption of water is rising twice as fast as the population. The exponential population growth has a severe effect on the amount of water being used and the amount of pollutants that go back into it. Take for example the problems that people in California are having with water and trying to get it. Californias current water use is unsustainable. In many areas, ground water is being used at a rate that exceeds the rate of natural replenishment. Fish and wildlife species are being destroyed by withdrawal of water, as well as by development. Official projections are that water demand will exceed available supplies in the year 2020 (Simon 18). California is the nations most populated state with over 1,400 reservoirs and the most sophisticated water supply system in the world (Rosenbaum 167). However it appears from studies that they wi ll be experiencing some severe water shortages in the years to come. Many things have led to the shortages in California especially over population and desiccation. Towards the beginning of the century, Los Angeles understood that they would have problems, so they purchased Owens Lake the third largest body of water in the state. Today it is called Owens Dry Lake because ...

The Ring of Fire †Pacific Ocean

The Ring of Fire - Pacific Ocean The Ring of Fire is a 25,000 mile (40,000 km) horseshoe-shaped area of intense  volcanic and seismic (earthquake) activity that follows the edges of the Pacific Ocean. Receiving its fiery name from the 452 dormant and active volcanoes that lie within it, the Ring of Fire includes 75% of the worlds active volcanoes and is also responsible for 90% of the worlds earthquakes. Where Is the Ring of Fire? The Ring of Fire is an arc of mountains, volcanoes, and oceanic trenches that stretch from New Zealand northward along the eastern edge of Asia, then east across the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and then south along the western coasts of North and South America. What Created the Ring of Fire? The Ring of Fire was created by plate tectonics.  Tectonic plates are like giant rafts on the Earths surface that often slide next to, collide with, and are forced underneath each other. The Pacific Plate is quite large and thus it borders (and interacts) with a number of large and small plates. The interactions between the Pacific Plate and its surrounding tectonic plates creates a tremendous amount of energy, which, in turn, easily melts rocks into magma. This magma then rises to the surface as lava and forms volcanoes. Major Volcanoes in the Ring of Fire With 452 volcanoes, the Ring of Fire has some that are more famous that others. The following is a listing of major volcanoes in the Ring of Fire. The Andes - Running 5,500 miles (8,900 km) north and south along the western edge of  South America, the Andes Mountains are the longest, continental mountain range in the world. The Andean Volcanic Belt is within the mountain range and is broken up into four volcanic zones that include such active volcanoes as Cotopaxi and Cerro Azul. It is also home to the highest, active volcano - Ojos del Salado.Popocatepetl - Popocatepetl is an active volcano in the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Located near Mexico City, this volcano is considered by many to be the most dangerous in the world since a large eruption could potentially kill millions of people.Mt. Saint Helens - The Cascade Mountains in the United States Pacific Northwest hosts the 800 mile (1,300 km) Cascade Volcanic Arc. The Cascades contain 13 major volcanoes and nearly 3,000 other volcanic features. The most recent eruption in the Cascades occurred at Mt. Saint Helens in 1980.Aleutian Islands Alaskas Aleutian Islands, whic h consist of 14 large and 55 small islands, were made from volcanic activity. The Aleutians contain 52 volcanoes, with a few of the most active being Cleveland, Okmok, and Akutan.  The deep Aleutian Trench, which also sits next to the islands, has been created at the subduction zone with a maximum depth of 25,194 feet (7679 meters). Mt. Fuji - Located on the Japanese island of Honshu, Mt. Fuji, at 12,380 feet (3,776 m), is the tallest mountain in Japan and the worlds most visited mountain. However, Mt. Fuji is more than a mountain, it is an active volcano that last erupted in 1707.Krakatoa - In the Indonesia Island Arc sits Krakatoa, remembered for its massive eruption on August  27, 1883 that killed 36,000 people and was heard 2,800 miles away (it is considered the loudest sound in modern history). The Indonesian Island Arc is also home to Mt. Tambora, whose eruption on April 10, 1815 was the largest in major history, being calculated as a 7 on the Volcanic Explosion Index (VEI).Mt. Ruapehu - Rising to 9,177 feet (2797 m), Mt. Ruapehu is the tallest mountain on the North Island of New Zealand. Located in the southern section of the Taupo Volcanic Zone, Mt. Ruapehu is New Zealands most active volcano. As a place that produces most of the worlds volcanic activity and earthquakes, the Ring of Fire is a fascinating place. Understanding more about the Ring of Fire and being able to accurately predict volcanic eruptions and earthquakes may help  eventually save millions of lives.

Inequality for women in the workplace Research Paper

Inequality for women in the workplace - Research Paper Example 565) and yet just over thirty-years later, The Glass Ceiling Commission reported that equity was far from being achieved. The report noted that women continued to earn proportionately less than men for the same work or that there was a wage-gap, and that they made up only a very small fraction of the upper-level positions in U.S. Organizations (Russell, 1995, p. 8). Hence, where there are no visible or concrete (legal) barriers for advancement, the barriers are invisible or made of glass. The following will examine the barriers faced by women in the workplace, and this essay will try and make the transparent visible. It will be argued that inequality can only be explained by how the dominant class in society legitimates and perpetuates power, and how the distinction between gender and sex is important to understanding the actual barriers to equality. In order to arrive at understanding the invisible or glass barriers for women in the workplace, a brief overview of some of the legal o bstacles will first be presented. While it is true that many barriers remain for women in the workplace, it can also be held that the twentieth-century was marked by a significant amount of progress. At the turn of the twentieth century, many obstacles existed for women in the workforce. ... 154). However, as science progressed this form of legitimation proved untenable. Likewise, attitudes changed significantly, and access to higher education meant access to better positions in the workforce. As with progress in education, likewise with the the percentage of women in the workforce in the twentieth century. One of the main contributing causes for this change, are the two World Wars (1914-1918 and 1939-1945) where women were needed to work in the place of men who were participating military action. For example, in 1900 only 5.6 % of all women worked outside of the home, and following the First World War this percentage rose to 23.6 % (Webb, 2010, pp. 1-2). During the era of the Great Depression after the stock market crash of 1929, there was a public sentiment that maintained that the few jobs that existed ought to be given to men, but again, the Second World War changed the workforce demographics again and between 1942 and 1945 over 6.5 million women entered the workforc e in the U.S. (Webb, 2010, p. 2). And, while attitudes were still negative about women in the workforce, there were many public campaigns that promoted it because of the necessity of the War. This had a significant impact on changing attitudes toward women in the workforce, and as with the period following the First World War, the period following the Second was marked by a higher percentage of women who remained employed outside of the home (Webb, 2010, p. 2). Along with the barrier's of access to education and the workforce, a number of legal or legislative changes improved egalitarian conditions in the twentieth-century. The right to vote for women largely came about through the lobbying and

Final Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Final Paper - Essay Example I will verify about existence of the problem myself. In the next step, I will try to gather relevant information so as to support the claim that the bike will accelerate dangerously when operated for long hours in hot climate. I will analyze the problem as well as confirm the same with production department that root cause of the problem is overheating of the solar panel. I would further discuss with the production and maintenance departments about possible solutions and select the appropriate one. Following this, an outline of the cost that the company will incur for each alternative solution will be prepared. The next step is to approach the management along with other employees from production and maintenance department with a report that explains the problem, associated cost of alternatives and future cost of company in case the problem is overlooked (Ho 583-593). It is important to note that payment of $5000 to buyers for placing the product on his selves is firstly a wrong approach as this will open an avenue for the buyer to repeat such claims in future. Secondly, the practice of bribing for business expansion purpose in the United States is illegal under the anti-bribery provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, 1977. The company, being a reputed one operating in production of sustainable products, must consider sustainability and transparency in the transactions made as well. Paying the buyer will result in breach of the FCP act as well as code of corporate governance of the company. In addition, it will also imply that the company is not sufficiently confident about its products and prefers buying shelf area from retailer. After considering all these factors, as a responsible employee of Green Move, I would not recommend payment of the special fee to particular buyer as the move is unethical and illegal (â€Å"Foreign Corrupt Pr actices Act of 1977†). For any product, it is important