Education Essay -- essays research papers fc

Most controversies over education are centered around the oppugn of how strictly standards should be upheld. The concern over whether or non flunking students is appropriate or even in the best interest of the student is a widely discussed topic. The argument often begins with students average starting school where the question of standardized testing for kindergartners arises. The majority of people are actually against such testing because they feel that a child who is labeled as a unsuccessful person at such an early age may be permanently damaged (Bowen 86). The worry over the failure issue is further traced to educators who feel children just entering school are not fully prepared. Teachers are faced with kindergarten students who do not know their addresses, colors, and sometimes even first and last label (An F 59).Another reason why the assignment of failing grades has decreased is the influence of the self-esteem movement, which promotes the assumption that children who do not have a unconditional self-image cannot learn or develop properly. Although this theory is widely accepted, it has been discredited by several studies. Recent research shows that, although American students felt more confident more or less themselves and their work, they were outperformed by several Asian countries on tests of elementary skills. American schools and teachers tend to worry more about the students self-esteem than the actual schoolman performance (Leo, Damn 21). Mary Sherry, a teacher of adult literacy programs, does not believe such theories. Her view is that students become motivated by the threat of failure, and that not failing a student not only shows lack of confidence on the teachers behalf, but also hurts the society as a whole. Employees are becoming highly disappointed with so-called graduate students (8).In a letter to columnist Ann Landers, a college professor wrote about his views of the education system. He feels that universities have turned i nto businesses where teachers are just looking for money and students are just looking for a piece of paper with a title on it. He says that the students of today think they are automatically entitled to a degree because they pay tuition (Depressed disused Prof. 3-B). Adding to the profit motive for schools is the government which, for the p... ...ressed Old Prof. Ann Landers. Times-Picayune New Orleans 4 Sep. 1995 3-B.An F for the Nations Kindergartners (Education). Newsweek 16 Dec. 1991 59.Goldstein, Andrew and Ann Blackman. No SAT Scores Required (Education). Time 11 Sep. 2000 52-53.Hendren, John. Ex-English Professor Creates Corporate Prose Police. Courier Houma LA 25 Aug. 1996 4D.Leo, John. The Answer Is 45 Cents (On Society). U.S. News & World Report 21 Apr. 1997 14.---. Damn, Im Good (On Society). U.S. News & World Report 18 May 1998 21.Morse, Jodie et al. Does Texas instal the Grade? (Education). Time 11 Sep. 2000 50-54.Mulcahy, Fred. No Free Rides for Dumb Students (My T urn). Newsweek 15 Aug. 1994 12.Pedersen, Daniel. When an A Is Average (Education). Newsweek 3 Mar. 1997.Ravith, Diane. In Defense of Testing (Education). Time 11 Sep. 2000 52-53.Roberts, Paul. Modern Grammar. New York Harcourt, Brace & World, 1968.Sherry, Mary. In Praise of the F Word (My Turn). Newsweek 28 Aug. 1990 8.Wilkes, Paul. The First Test of Childhood (My Turn). Newsweek 14 Aug. 1989 8.Winters, Rebecca. From Home to Harvard (Education). Time 11 Sep. 2000 55.

The fall of absolutism in Sweden :: essays research papers

THE FALL OF ABSOLUTISM IN SWEDENIt was a typical November night with a light chilly breeze in the air. The time was nine o clock in the evening and the date 30th of November 1718. The tycoon was standing firm at his keister on the parapet that was facing the fortress of Fredriksten. It was the second military campaign against Norway and the siege had only lasted for ten days, until an unexpected event changed the situation dramatically. While weighty firing was commencing from the fortifications, Charles XII stood there, on the very front line, gazing beyond the surroundings with his head out, uncovered by the parapet, as projectiles were swarming overhead. In close vicinity stood Bengt Vilhelm Carlberg, who served as fortification officer during the siege. This is his eye witness account of the event that followedIt was now when the unfortunate time had come, the time that ended everything. Barely a quarter of an moment had passed before His Majesty the King, who had been stand ing above and beside several high officers, was shot from nowhere. It was a shot that pierced through the left side of His Majesty The Kings head, leaving him motionless and dead . Charles XII efforts to strengthen the Swedish empire ultimately led to its fall and the rise of parliamentary reforms in SwedenThis was the end, and not only the end for Charles XII King of Sweden. But also the beginning of the end of the Great Northern War, and ultimately the end of the Swedish Empire. Sweden had fought two decades of never-ending war against Poland, Russia, Denmark and Norway. The outcome was over 200 000 casualties and an economy that was crippled.Charles XII had been ruling Sweden as a divine right monarch. Absolutism brought him total power and with it province. The responsibility to protect his people and strengthen the glory and greatness of Sweden, but both these responsibilities he failed to comply, and left was a poor, betrayed, miserable people with nothing but hate towards the state, and in particular absolutism as a form of government. The time of absolutism in Sweden was over, while the beginning of parliamentary reforms was taking its course. What efforts did Charles XII birth to strengthen the Swedish Empire? How did these efforts lead to the fall of Absolutism in Sweden, and finally what was the reason for reforming the parliamentary climate in Sweden?

HIV/AIDS Public Health Policies: A Comparison Between South Africa and

human immunodeficiency virus/ aid is still a current general wellness concern for all countries of the world. Research has helped progress the education and treatment of the virus, but some firmaments of the world still have difficulty with this public health concern. divulge of all developing countries, South Africa has one of the highest percentages of their population living with HIV/AIDS while Cuba has one of the lowest percentages of their population living with the virus. In this paper, the public health policies of South Africa and Cuba regarding treatment, prevention and transmission will be discussed and compared.South Africa is one of the countries that are part of Sub-Saharan Africa. Sub-Saharan Africa has the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS give people in the world. This region contains 10% of the population of the world and has 60% of HIV/AIDS infected people living in this area (Jacobsen, 2008). By 2007, the amount of people that had died in South Africa that were in fected by the virus reached over two million (Gilbert, 2008). Due to the amount of people infected with the virus, the government and medical community of South Africa needed to implement a plan to deal with the epidemic. The National AIDS Coordinating Committee of South Africa (NACOSA) was form in 1992 to develop a national plan to deal with the issue (South African Government Information, 2007). The National Strategic Plan (NSP) was developed by the NACOSA check into in 1999 which focused on the government improving education, health services, reduction of poverty, the empowerment of women, and the provision of basic services such as shelter, clean water, and sanitization (South African Government Information, 2007, p. 18). In 2007, the South African government developed a National S... ...6Gilbert, L. (2008). Public health and health professionals in the times of HIV/AIDS. South African Review Of Sociology, 39(2), 301-316. Gorry, C. (2008, July). Cubas HIV/AIDS strategy An i ntegrated, rights-based approach, MEDICC Review International Journal of Cuban Health and Medicine. Retrieved from http//www.medicc.org/ns/assets/documents/Cuban%20HIV%20Strategy.pdfJacobsen, K. H. (2008). Introduction to spherical health. Sudbury, MA Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Peltzer, K., Preez, N., Ramlagan, S., & Fomundam, H. (2008). Use of traditional complementary and alternative medicine for HIV patients in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. BMC Public Health, 8255-268. South African Government Information. (2007, meet 12). HIV & AIDS and STI strategic plan for South Africa 2007 2011. Retrieved from http//www.info.gov.za/otherdocs/2007/aidsplan2007/index.html

The Wealth of Nations Essay -- essays research papers

In 1759 Adam Smith, indeed a thirty-six course of instruction old Professor of Moral Philosophy at Glasgow University, published his Theory of Moral Sentiments. This work attracted the attention of the guardians of the immensely wealthy Duke of Buccleuch towards retaining its author as a tutor to the youthful Duke whilst on a protracted, and hopefully educational, "Grand Tour" of continental Europe.     While tutoring from 1763 Adam Smith found some of the time exhausted in the French provinces hard to fill and seems to have begun his masterpiece An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, as a way of taking up otherwise idle hours in the summer of 1764. Overall however he derived much personal philosophical benefit from these months of journeying on the continent. In Paris he met amongst others, the "Physiocrat" economical theorist (and court Physician) Quesnay and the French Ministers, Turgot and Necker.   &n bsp The French economic policy, during these times were conducted in accordance with the "Mercantilism"(the theory and system of political economy public in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing exertion and mining to attain a aureate balance of trade) that had held sway in the economic thinking of Europe for some three centuries. Mercantilism expected that governmental control would be exercised over industry and trade in accordance with the theory that national strength (i.e. the Royal states treasury) is increased by a preponderance of exports over imports.By nature, back then France was fitted to be a great agricultural country, a great producer and exporter of corn and wine but French legislators for several generations had wanted to counteract the ostensibly natural bias of French economic life towards agriculture, and had tried to make France an exp orter of manufactured goods.Like most legislators in those times, they had been prodigiously impressed by the would-be(prenominal) position which the maritime powers, as they were then called (the comparatively little powers of England and Holland), were able to take in the politics of Europe. They saw that this influence came from wealth, that this wealth was made in trade and manufacture, and therefore they dete... ...one constitutes the ultimate aim and end of economic life.     Although Economics has moved on in many was from the outlook and policies endorsed in the Wealth of Nations that important publication remains as perhaps the most famous economics book of all time. Governments in search of a strengthening of their states through economic policy, and many individuals in search of personal gain, have all drawn lessons from its pages. Powerful movements that led to the emergence of Modern Capitalism were substantially based on Smiths work and hence he deserves to be regarded as one of the most dramatically influential philosophers or philosophic writers of modern times. This book is a all-encompassing and systematic theory of an economy. It shows the connections and relationships among variables. The Wealth of Nations also talks about the division of labor. Smith states that the division of labor starts the process of economic growth. One growth is started, accrual keeps it going. There are three benefits of division of labor. First increase in skill and dexterity. Second save time in moving from job to job. And lastly, the intent of new machinery.

Father LaTour as the Hero in Death Comes for the Archbishop Essay

Father LaTour as the Hero in Death Comes for the Archbishop In Willa Cathers Death Comes for the Archbishop, the high-minded ideal whose definition began with Moby-Dick is again viewed. Father LaTour is clearly seen as having an elevated status, concern and understanding for the people, and a desire to make a lasting brand name on the land that becomes his home. These characteristics were seen in differing ways in both Ahab and Jo in Little Women. In The Red Badge of Courage, the concept of courage in the whizz was addressed. This quality too is seen in Father LaTour. Father Vaillant also displays musical compositiony of these characteristics. Both priests are fully consecrated, they just live it out differently. They have commit themselves to self-sacrifice for the sake of those whom they seek to serve and exhibit strong inner courage in the setting aside of self. However, Father Vaillants very presence has hinged upon the regulate of Father LaTour in his life, thus ultimatel y pointing back to Father LaTour s the heroic figure in the novel. The new Vicar must be a issue man, of strong constitution, full of zeal, and above all, intelligent. He will have to deal with savagery and ignorance, with dissolute priests and political intrigue. He must be a man to whom order is necessary--as dear as life (Cather 8). With this opening description, Cather introduces the caliber of man to be found in Father LaTour. When he discovers the juniper tree in the shape of a cross, his immediate response is one of grateful worship. He is described as . . . a priest in a thousand . . . . His bow head was not that of an ordinary man . . . (Cather 18). Father LaTours role as a leader is found partly in his position in the church, precisely it is validated b... ... the opportunity comes, he recognizes that intellect is not everything and that his lifes fulfillment is in his serving until death among his Mexican and Indian populace. The country thought in the Prologue to waste pipe him of his youth (p. 8), becomes in the end the source of life for him. Father LaTour lives what he preaches. This makes it possible for him to say he shall die from having lived (Cather 267). Father LaTour assumes his role of leadership, impacts the lives of those he encounters, displays enormous courage, and above all is self-sacrificing. He does not hope for personal gain in his actions. Ultimately, Father LaTour exhibits many heroic characteristics in an unassuming manner that leads to the increment of this quality to the working definition of the heroic. Works Cited Cather, Willa. Death Comes for the Archbishop. NY Vintage Books, 1990.

Father LaTour as the Hero in Death Comes for the Archbishop Essay

dumbfound LaTour as the Hero in dying Comes for the Archbishop In Willa Cathers Death Comes for the Archbishop, the heroic ideal whose definition began with Moby-Dick is again viewed. acquire LaTour is clearly seen as having an elevated status, concern and understanding for the people, and a desire to make a lasting mark on the land that becomes his home. These characteristics were seen in differing ways in both Ahab and Jo in Little Women. In The Red Badge of Courage, the concept of courage in the hero was addressed. This quality too is seen in Father LaTour. Father Vaillant also displays many of these characteristics. Both priests are fully consecrated, they just live it out differently. They have committed themselves to self-sacrifice for the sake of those whom they seek to serve and reveal strong inner courage in the setting aside of self. However, Father Vaillants very presence has hinged upon the influence of Father LaTour in his keep, thus ultimately pointing second to Father LaTour s the heroic figure in the novel. The new Vicar must be a young man, of strong constitution, full of zeal, and above all, intelligent. He go out have to deal with savagery and ignorance, with dissolute priests and political intrigue. He must be a man to whom order is necessary--as dear as life (Cather 8). With this rise description, Cather introduces the caliber of man to be found in Father LaTour. When he discovers the juniper tree in the shape of a cross, his immediate response is one of grateful worship. He is described as . . . a priest in a thousand . . . . His bowed head was non that of an ordinary man . . . (Cather 18). Father LaTours role as a leader is found partly in his position in the church, but it is validated b... ... the opportunity comes, he recognizes that intellect is not everything and that his lifes fulfillment is in his serving until death among his Mexican and Indian populace. The country thought in the Prologue to drain him of his youth (p. 8), becomes in the end the source of life for him. Father LaTour lives what he preaches. This makes it possible for him to say he shall die from having lived (Cather 267). Father LaTour assumes his role of leadership, impacts the lives of those he encounters, displays great courage, and above all is self-sacrificing. He does not apply for personal gain in his actions. Ultimately, Father LaTour exhibits many heroic characteristics in an unassuming manner that leads to the addition of this quality to the working definition of the heroic. Works Cited Cather, Willa. Death Comes for the Archbishop. NY Vintage Books, 1990.

Essays for the American Pageant, 14th Ed.

bear witnesss for The Ameri clear Pageant, 14th ed. Part One 1. From the perspective of infixed Americans, the Spanish and side of meat empires in America had much similarities than differences. Assess the validity of this gen whilelization. re bug outee Strategy It is im fashionant to break off a clear thesis on the validity of the program line at the outset of the essay. A good essay could be developed on either side of the issue or in jut of a middle-of the-road position. Supporting paragraphs should be developed to build the position chosen.Both the Spanish and the incline treated the Native Americans as inferiors, thought it authoritative to bring them Christianity, sought to do good scotch ein truthy from relations with the Native Americans, and forced nearly Native Americans into sla very. Both brought terrible diseases to the advanced World, though the Spanish impact was much(prenominal)(prenominal) devastating because of foregoing arrival. The Spanish attemp ted to integrate Native Americans into their compound societies through intermarriage and through the establishment of agricultural communities with Native American workers.The English separated themselves from Native American life to a greater limit and relied closely on trade for economical infer. 2. Evaluate the extent of elimination and influence of third of these groups of non-English settlers in North America onwards 1775. French Dutch Scots Irish German African receipt Strategy It is important to point out that English settlers were a definite major(ip)ity of those in North America during the entire eighteenth century. However, the proportion declined from roughly twenty to bingle in 1700 to only about trey to atomic number 53 by 1775.So a good essay should point out that the significance of non-English groups was increasing. The next task is to select three groups from the list and attract the influence of each. Of the non-English settlers, the largest group con sisted of Africans, most of whom were enslaved and forced to immigrate. The ripe(p)fulnesss and genial customs that enabled the institution of slavery to exist were firmly in place by the 1700s. There were enslaved Africans in wholly of the colonies, though the practice was most prevalent in the South, due to the get-intensive export crops common in that location.The French had relatively small settlements in the St. Lawrence River valley, just exerted economic influence over vast expanses of the interior through trade and missionary activities. Because French economic power rivaled that of Eng estate, the English fe atomic number 18d the French settlers more than those from the separate countries, until the French colonies came chthonic English rule in 1763. The Dutch originally controlled the Hudson River valley as a separate colony, but this had been absorbed by transformationary York by the 1700s. Dutch names remained important there and Dutch kind customs were influ ential.The relative poverty and the indep residueent spirit of numerous of the Scots Irish settlers is demonstrated by their tendency to settle a dour the westward frontiers on twain sides of the Appalachians from Pennsylvania southward. They maintained their Presbyterian religion, and a history of struggles with the Church of England meant that they were unlikely to respectfulness the English compound semi semi presidential termal sciences. German settlers located themselves mostly in Pennsylvania where they were called Pennsylvania Dutch. They maintained relatively prosperous farming communities and tried to remain culturally separate from the English. . Explain the theory of mercantilism and the economic consumption in compete in prompting Americans to rebel in 1776. Essay A (Strong) In the 17th and eighteenth centuries, the set of economic ideas that prevailed in the organizations of several leading European nations came to be called mercantilism. Based on these ideas , English leaders make decisions that were more beneficial to the mother country than they were to the colonies. While this resulted in whatsoever(prenominal) discontent among the colonists, mercantilism by itself was non responsible for the acts of insubordination in 1776.Mercantilism played a fictional character in American independence, but it was only one of a number of ideas and crimsonts that were important. Mercantilist ideas expressd that nations should strive toward economic self-sufficiency and that the power of a nation should be measured by the amount of its gold and silver reserves. Ultimately, a nation should arrange to produce everything it submited for its own citizens and sell surpluses to for hard currency. This metal reserve, in turn, could be used in emergency situations to concede for wars or solve goldbrickages.Colonies, like those England had in North America, played an important discussion section in this economic equation. They could financial a id England give-up the ghost self-sufficient by producing things that could not be do or grown there such(prenominal) as tobacco, sugar, and tall masts for ships. Colonists could in any case trans posthumous a market for British goods, particularly manufactured products, such as woolen cloth or beaver hats. This meant that the place economy in England could be engender more fully developed, while the colonial economies were relegated to a role of supplying raw sensibles.To insure that the American colonies would contribute to this overall sense of British wealth, unlike Navigation Acts were passed fix in 1650 to regulate trade among the colonies, England, and the rest of the world. In many cases, ships carrying American products to other European countries had to stop in England world- discriminate to pay duties before continuing onward. Also, goods traveling to and from America had to be carried in English or American ships, not Dutch or French, regard slight of the or igination or destination of the cargoes.Furthermore, the requirement that gold and silver be spent to purchase English goods meant that there was a great shortage of funds in the colonies. They could only obtain these precious metals by illicit trade with the French and the Spanish colonies. The British objurgate to nullify colonial laws that conflicted with the mother countrys objectives meant that efforts of colonies to issue paper money were or sotimes halted because of anguishs by English banks and merchants. The colonists often resented these intrusions by British authorities and the resulting conditionations on economic opportunities.Despite the existence of the mercantilist policies, relations between Britain and its North American colonies were relatively good through most of the 1600s and 1700s. Partly this was because the Navigation Acts were not well enforced during the period of salutary neglect and the colonial economies grew. Also the Americans gained some advanta ges from the system such as the tobacco monopoly. Relations became strained to the point of rebellion only after 1763. The royal regimen began to inspect taxes on the colonists, such as Sugar Act, the Stamp Act, and the Townshend Acts.While these raw(a) taxes bore some relationship to the mercantilist control of the colonial economies, they were primarily motivated by Englands need to pay the expenses of an ongoing struggle with France. There was also a growing awareness among the colonists of the radical Whig ideas that liberties and economic livelihood could be preoccupied to a corrupt government un slight actively protected, so colonists were primed to rebel when England tried to increase its colonial revenue stream. Mercantilist ideas set up a situation in which the economic interests of the American colonists were subordinated to those of England.However, this alone was not sufficient to cause the colonists to rebel. The situation tipped toward rebellion after 1763 because of Englands war-related expenses and because the colonists were becoming more aware of their rights and the need to defend them. Essay B Mercantilism was an economic policy that emphasized that, to be successful, a nation had to make money. This meant that it had to sell more than it bought and build up gold and silver reserves. The British strongly believed in this policy.This led the colonists to rebel in 1776 for three reasonstrade restrictions, economic shortages, and a lack of respect for colonial rights. The Navigation Acts required that the colonists could trade certain enumerated products only with England. This meant that tobacco growers and others had to sell to England, even when burst prices could be obtained elsewhere. Also, items shipped to and from the American colonies had to travel in English or American ships, even when other nations might be the customers or might be able to ship things more nickel-and-dime(prenominal)ly.Sometimes exports being send from the col onies to other countries had to land in England original to pay duties to the English. These trade restrictions limited economic opportunities for the colonists, but there were other grievances as well. Manufacturing was discouraged in the colonies since England want to earn money by sending products such as woolen cloth to America to be sold for hard currency. This in turn caused American to be short of gold and silver. Then they could not buy and sell things to each other except through barter.After the French and Indian War, England wanted more money to pay for the expenses incurred in interlockinging France. Since England had been used to considering the colonists as subordinates under mercantilist policies, they did not hesitate about passing additional taxes such as the hated Stamp Act. The colonists in truth started to feel threatened and began to talk rebellion. The economic situation and the lack of respect for colonial rights caused by mercantilism were responsible for prompting the colonists to rebel in 1776. Essay C (Weak)Mercantilism was a system set up by England to regulate merchants. It said what each could sell and how much taxes each would have to pay. The merchants in the colonies resented this more than the merchants in England because they had more regulations. There laws like the Navigation Acts to regulate shipping and there were taxes like the tax on tea, which led to the Boston Tea Party. The colonists became rebellious. When British soldiers were sent to enforce the taxes, the colonists did not want to have to pay them or let them live in their houses like was required in the Quartering Act. sluicetually the British shot at the colonists in Lexington and Concord where the shot heard round the world was fired. The British were put on notice that there was a rebellion when the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776. It was written by Thomas Jefferson. He was a farmer, not a merchant, and had an estate in Virginia call ed Monticello. Part dickens 1. To what extent did European events influence the course of American development between 1795 and 1810? Assess with respect to three of the following. XYZ Affair Alien and Sedition Acts Louisiana acquire Embargo of 1807Response Strategy Start by observing that the French Revolution that began in 1789 and the subsequent Napoleonic Wars plunged Europe into a turbulent historical era. umteen Americans hoped to stay out of the European struggles, and this goal was articulated in George working capitals Farewell Address. However, American merchants depended on free use of the seas for trade, and this brought them into contact with the fight European parties. Some Americans favored Britain, the power mother country and largest trading partner. Other Americans favored France, whose revolution seemed similar to their own.A good essay will develop a thesis demonstrating that European affairs extensively influenced the fall in States during this time perio d in both harmful and beneficial ways. When President Adams sent a delegation to France to negotiate fair treatment for American ships, bribes were demanded by unnamed officials labeled X, Y, and Z. This angered many Americans including Alexander Hamilton who wanted to raise an army to fight against France. In 1798, a mass of the refreshed Congress was Federalist and very anti-French. They viewed the statements of many of the Democratic-Re humankindans (who often favored France) as treasonous.Therefore, they passed the Alien and Sedition Acts, allowing the deportation of aliens and imposing fines and gyves on those who criticized the president or Congress. By 1803, France was under the control of Napoleon who needed funds to build the European empire he envisioned. He was also soured on the idea of a French presence in the in the raw World by the rebellion led by Toussaint LOuverture in Santo Domingo. These circumstances led to the French sale of Louisiana and a doubling of the size of the United States under Jeffersons presidency.Jefferson faced additional problems regarding shipping, as both British and French navies were seizing American ships. This led to the Embargo Act of 1807, which aimed at preventing trouble with European countries by stopping all Americans exports. This un frequent and economically disruptive law was repealed in 1809. 2. Analyze the social changes that gave rise to flowerpot body politic in the United States between 1820 and 1840. Include the roles of three of the following in this process. John marshal Henry Clay Andrew capital of Mississippi William Henry Harrison Essay A (Strong)By 1840, the process for attaining high office, particularly the Presidency, was significantly divergent than it had been in 1820. Those who controlled the major decisions in the government of the United States, for the most part, were still men of some wealth and experience. However, to gain and keep governmental power, these men had to win and k eep the support of the common man. Suffrage was still limited to free, white manfuls however the increase interest in politics and the greater rate of participation in elections showed that some measure of mass democracy had emerged as ordinary citizens became more influential in the political process.This was something new on the world stage at that time, and the individuals listed played varying roles in inventing mass democracy. The person who best symbolized this process was Andrew capital of Mississippi. He entered politics as a nationally cognise friend from the Battle of untested Orleans at the conclusion of the War of 1812, and was the first president from the tungsten. He first ran for president in 1824. No candidate that year buzz offd a majority in the Electoral College, and the House of Representatives had to choose the winner.Speaker of the House Henry Clay supported John Quincy Adams, who became President and named Clay as Secretary of State. Jackson and his su pporters condemned Clay and began promoting the idea that Adams had become President because of a corrupt bargain. Though there is no definite evidence that this charge was true, the issue provided an important implement for whipping up partisan support, particularly in the watt where rallies were held on the issue. They also used the cold and distant personality of John Quincy Adams to portray him to voters as an elitist who was out of touch with the needs of the people.By building up western enthusiasm and gaining the support of some political machines that were being developed to recruit voters among the working class in the cities of the East, the Jackson campaign easily prevailed in the pick of 1828. Jackson reciprocated by holding an inaugural party at the White House to which all were invited. The resulting fracas was referred to as King Mob, but it showed that Jackson was in touch with common people. Though Jacksons Democratic Party had mass support, there were various gr oups that opposed it, particularly among the social and economic elite.Included were businessmen of the northeast, many of whom favored the Bank of the United States that had been attacked by Jackson. Also there were the anti-Masons who believed that the surreptitious societies conspired to keep power and that the government should be used to promote the righteous reforms favored by the preachers of the Second with child(p) Awakening. There were also southerners and westerners who wanted federal money to be spent on internal improvements, as had been proposed by Henry Clays American System. These diverse groups were very disorganized in the Election of 1832, in which Jackson easily won reelection.However, by 1836, they had organized themselves into the Whig Party, and the second political party system in U. S. history was born. Political parties were beginning to be seen as important parts of mass democracy rather than as harmful threats to national unity. Henry Clay became the Whig candidate in the Election of 1836, but the Jacksonian influence was still too strong to overcome. Even though Clay had a strong record as a national leader in the Senate, the Presidency went to Martin Van Buren, Jacksons Vice-President and chosen successor.By 1840, the Whigs were well aware of what they had to do to win the Presidency. They needed a candidate who could be portrayed as a superstar and a commoner to draw to the voting masses in the West. This candidate was William Henry Harrison. He had won some battles fighting Indians much earlier in his long life, one of which was the Battle of Tippecanoe. An opposing newspaper said that Harrison should stay home in his log confine and drink hard cider. This validated the approach of Harrisons supporters who held rallies and marches to promote the image of the frontier hero who lived in a log cabin.This was a deal use of a social class position symbol to identify Harrison with a large western voting bloc. That his actual dwelling was much nicer did not seem to make much difference as the Whigs used the same tactics to arouse mass voter support that the Jacksonians had initiated earlier. The economic downturn that had occurred under Van Buren helped the Whig cause as well. The catchword, Tippecanoe and Tyler Too carried the day and put Harrison in the White House. Between 1820 and 1840, the ways in which large numbers of white male voters were mobilized altered the U.S. political process was forever. The idea of deference to a inhering aristocracy had weakened and white men of all social classes expected to be able to vote. By 1840, the theatrical role of eligible voters who participated in the election had grown to a record 78 percent. The Jacksonians developed techniques of mass campaigning in the West as well as in the east cities. Those who opposed Jackson had no choice but to adopt similar strategies themselves to appeal to the greatly increased number of men who were now interested in politi cs.Through this process, the two-party system of mass democracy was developed for the first time. Essay B Between the historic period 1820 and 1840, there were three different approaches to governing the United States. By that time, the right to vote had been extended to most men who were free, white, and at least twenty-one long time of age. This meant that candidates had to learn how to deal with a encompassing range of men before they could be important in government. John Marshall, Andrew Jackson, and Henry Clay illustrate the different approaches.As the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, John Marshall did not need to run for office. He had been a Federalist, a political party whose members tended toward the idea that government should be in the hands of a natural aristocracy. Such beliefs hampered Federalists an era that saw a greatly increased number of voters. In this new era, Marshalls presence, until his death in the 1830s, served to remind people that there were limits to popular democracy. Decisions like the Dartmouth College case and Fletcher v.Peck showed that Constitutional guarantees for private property had to be respected, regardless of the wishes of the majority of voters in various states. This probably contributed to the development of mass democracy by preventing excesses and maintaining the impressiveness of unity under the Constitution. With private property protected, people who considered themselves part of the natural aristocracy felt less vulnerable and were more willing to accept the political participation of the common man. As a successful two-term president, Andrew Jackson knew how to appeal to the voting public.He was already well-known as the hero of bracing Orleans. In his political campaigns, he successfully portrayed himself as a frontier hero with common tastes. Even though he owned slaves, and lived in a mansion, he was identified with the popular opinions. He also portrayed his political enemies such as John Quincy Adams and Nicholas Biddle as representatives of an elite group that was trying to prevent the common people from having what they needed from government. The campaigns of Andrew Jackson became the basis for the modern Democratic Party.Such parties are an important part of mass democracy. Henry Clay was an important figure in starting the Whig Party. American mass democracy seems to require a two-party system so that those opposed to the policies of the party in power will have a way to get power for themselves. Some Americans opposed Jacksons policies because they wanted the national government to encourage economic development such as proposed in Clays American System. Others believed that moral reforms should receive greater emphasis.These groups became Whig supporters and by 1840, the Whig Party was a vigorous part of the emerging mass democracy, and provided a political home for many who considered themselves a cut in a higher place the common man. The continuation of some Fede ralist ideas, the innovations of the Jacksonian Democrats, and the development of the opposition Whig Party all contributed to the development of mass democracy in the United States. White male voters of a variety of social classes and beliefs found ways to participate in the system. Essay C (Weak) Andrew Jackson was known as Old Hickory.He had been a hero in the War of 1812. Then he got into politics and served two terms as President of the United States. He was known for opposing the Bank of the United States, which was portrayed by its opponents as a monster that would devour the fortunes of the common American people. He also would not stop the removal the Cherokee to the West, an event that is known as the Trail of Tears. Henry Clay is known as the Great Compromiser. He was involved in the Compromise of 1820, which is the Missouri Compromise. Missouri entered the union as slave state and Main as a free state.This helped to prevent a Civil War between the North and the South. Th ough he ran for President, he was never elected. William Henry Harrison was known as Old Tippecanoe after a battle he had won as a general in some wars against the Native Americans. When he ran for President, his running mate was named Tyler, so his campaign used the slogan Tippecanoe and Tyler Too. When Harrison won the election, everyone could see that a good campaign slogan is a useful thing for mass democracy. So you can see that Jackson, Clay, and Harrison each played a part in developing mass democracy in the United States. . Analyze the ways in which the transportation revolution (18201860) affected economic relationships among the Northeast, the South, and the West. Response Strategy A successful essay should begin by analyzing the components of the transportation revolution. Road building techniques were improved and travelers on the National Road could go as far west as Illinois. The steamboat increased the wideness of river transportation as travelers and freight could now easily go upstream as well as downstream. River transportation was oddly important in the South.There was a boom in canal building, the most famous of which was the Erie Canal in upstate New York. Railroad construction exploded in the 1850s, especially in the North. The next task is to analyze the resulting economic relationships. A good approach would be to observe that the transportation revolution was closely linked to the market revolution that meant people were make fewer things for themselves and buying more things from far away. The Northeast provided manufactured goods for the South and the West. The South provided cotton as a raw material for factories located primarily in the Northeast.The West provided grain and livestock to feed the East. Earlier the Ohio and Mississippi Rivers had joined the South with the West as westerners depended on the port of New Orleans for imports and exports. However, the Erie Canal allowed goods to be shipped to the East Coast via the Gr eat Lakes. This, together with railroad expansion, increased economic ties between the Northeast and the West, and weakened western economic ties with the South. Part Three 1. Explain popular sovereignty. How and why was it proposed as a political doctrine? How well did it work in Kansas in the 1850s?Response Strategy The three distinct parts in this essay prompt should prove useful in structuring a good answer. Begin with an overall introductory thesis on popular sovereignty, perhaps including the definition in the introduction. It was designed to give the inhabitants of new territories the opportunity to decide whether slavery would be allowed. It was proposed as a political doctrine in the 1840s, probably by Senator Lewis Cass, the Democratic nominee for President in 1848. This was an effort to keep the Federal and southern sections of that party fall in by making it unnecessary to translate a tand for or against the expansion of slavery. The flaw in this logic was that the d octrine transferred a highly charged moral issue into a local context. In answering the third part of the point, be sure to mention the Kansas Nebraska Act of 1854, which allowed slave owners to settle in Kansas. Abolitionists hated this. Then it is important to summarize the essential events of the contest that has been labeled Bleeding Kansas. Lawlessness prevailed on both sides with raids and killings. Rival constitutions and capitals were complete.As a result, the national government was forced to face the issue it had hoped to avoid as Congress was asked by President Buchanan to accept the Lecompton Constitution as the basis for Kansas admission to the union. Stephen Douglas, leader of the northern Democrats and author of the Kansas Nebraska Act, believed that the vote in Kansas to approve this constitution had been fraudulent. A split in the Democratic Party resulted. So it seems fair to label popular sovereignty a failure. 2. What geographical and strategic advantages did the South possess at the outset of the Civil War?Why were these not sufficient to prevail in the struggle? Response Strategy This question can be best answered by a quick review of the early advantages of the South and then a more detailed analysis of the advantages possessed by the North. Some attention could be given to the array events of the war, but this is not necessary to answer the question well. The South had extensive territory, about the size of Western Europe. It also had a very long coastline that could be used to access outside help. This do it very difficult to conquer militarily.The South could adopt a defensive strategy, making the North bring the war to it. The North had to conquer the South and win military victories, but the South could maintain its independence by defending its interior lines and retaining at least the heart of its territory. These advantages prevented a quick northern victory, but they did not prevail in the end. Demographics favored the Nor th, which had a bigger population and continued to attract new immigrants during the war. Economic advantages overwhelmingly favored the North, which had far more factories and financial institutions.The North already had an organized and functioning national government, something the Confederacy was never entirely successful at establishing. There was also the moral issue of slavery, which make foreign nations reluctant to aid the South. In the end, the North proved able to sustain the long war of attrition that was needed to overcome the southern geographic advantages. 3. To what extent did the Constitutional Amendments ratified during Reconstruction (13th, 14th, and 15th) bring political and economic equating to the former slaves by 1900? Essay A (Strong)Unlike the earlier amendments to the Constitution, which were designed to limit the powers of the federal government, the Reconstruction amendments asserted federal power into new situations. The victorious yoke government, he avily influenced by the so-called Radical Republicans, wanted to insure the end of the Souths system of slavery and aimed to assure that the former slaves had the rights and privileges of United States citizens. While a measure of success was achieved, attitudes embedded in American connection prevented full political and economic referity for the former slaves.Regrettably, the political and economic institutions of the nation evolved ways that kept most African Americans in positions of subordination, limiting their political and economic power. During the Reconstruction period, the U. S. government ended up treating most of the former Confederacy as conquered territory that had to be readmitted to the Union. Part of the process of readmission was to ratify three Constitutional Amendments designed to give rights to the former slaves. The 13th, ratified in 1865, prohibited slavery.The 14th, ratified in 1868, defined American citizenship in a way that include the former slaves and required all states to respect the rights of citizens. The 15th (1870) required that states give adult males had the right to vote regardless of race or former status as slaves. These amendments, together with a number of federal laws and agencies created to enforce them, appear on their face to be sufficient to create political and economic equality for the former slaves. However, entrenched attitudes and customs kept these ideals from becoming a reality in the period before 1900.Freedom was a life-transforming experience for many former slaves. In the knowledge that their former masters had no legal hold over them, people traveled widely looking for lost friends and relatives. Many chose to settle in new locations or to exchange legally binding marriage vows. The Freedmans Bureau and various private agencies set up schools to provide literacy training. The Union League provided a vehicle for many African Americans to participate in forming new constitutions for the former Confeder ate states. Blacks served in state legislatures and held offices at the local level.There were 14 African Americans in the U. S. House of Representatives and two in the Senate. After the deadlocked Election of 1876, however, a compromise ended what was left of federal efforts to guarantee the political rights of the former slaves. Most white Americans still considered mordants to be inferior and had little interest in continuing Reconstruction efforts. Redeemer governments passed laws requiring literacy tests and poll taxes that served as barriers to ignominious political participation. The hostility of some whites manifested itself in a system of terror carried out by the Ku Klux Klan and lynch mobs.Former slaves who tried to exercise political rights had to fear for their lives. African Americans who held political office or even exercised the right to vote were very few by 1900. Right after the Civil War, many former slaves hoped that they would be given plots of land as had be en done in the few Union occupied areas. This rarely happened. It would have required that private property be confiscated, a practice that goes against American traditions. Instead Black Codes were passed, which usually required the former slaves to sign labor contracts with landowners.Those who did not sign, or who broke their contracts, could be arrested as vagrants. Even organizations such as the Freedmans Bureau acquiesced in this arrangement. In time, many former slaves were able to maintain their own homes and work land as sharecroppers. However, they had to buy supplies on credit from white merchants and give a substantial percentage of each crop to the owners of the land. Very few individuals were able to make economic progress under such conditions. While there were African Americans who owned plots of land or small businesses in the period before 1900, this was quite unusual.Most of the former slaves were very poor. As Frederick Douglass pointed out, the former slaves no continuing had individual masters but they were the slaves of fellowship. The prevailing political and economic attitudes and institutions kept them from true equality. Essay B During Reconstruction, the American national government sought to bring political and economic equality to the former slaves. Three amendments to the Constitution were passed by Congress and ratified by the states to bring this about. However, despite this well-intentioned effort, equality was not achieved.This can be seen by analyzing the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments. Amendment 13 said that slavery and involuntary servitude were prohibited. Of the three amendments, this was the one that was most fully carried out. Many freedmen and women moved away from their former masters for a new start. Controls such as Black Codes that required blacks to sign labor contracts prevailed for a time. Eventually, many of the former slaves became sharecroppers. As such, they were a better off than slaves, since they coul d have more control over their own lives and work schedules. African American churches and social organizations were created.They were not really well-off socially or economically, but at least they were no longer slaves. Amendment 14 made the ex-slaves citizens and required that all states respect citizenship rights. This has been an important restriction on the power of the states throughout recent American history. However, the way this amendment was interpreted before 1900 limited its usefulness as a vehicle toward equality for the former slaves. In the 1896 case of Plessy V. Ferguson, the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that it was not against the 14th Amendment for blacks to be kept separate from whites so long as the facilities provided were equal.In actual practice this sanctioned a system of separation much like a caste system. The Jim Crow laws that were upheld by this decision meant that African Americans were almost always kept separate but hardly ever were the facilities trul y equal. Amendment 15 said that citizens could not be denied the right to vote found on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. For a while, many men who had been slaves did vote. However, many former Confederates resented the political power this gave them. Intimidation was used to keep blacks from voting, especially by the KKK.Some states passed poll taxes requiring that people pay to vote or literacy tests that were unfairly administered. By 1900, voting was more a theoretical right than an actual one for most former slaves. While people with good intentions passed the Reconstruction Amendments, the way they were implemented meant that equality was not achieved. Essay C (Weak) The framers of the Constitution provided a system for amending when a significant change is needed in the way the American government operates. The amendment has to be passed through Congress and ratified by most of the states before it can go into effect.That is what was done during Reconstructi on after the Civil War. The amendments that were passed and ratified were to make sure that the former slaves had political and economic equality. The right to vote is an important political right. With this right, people can choose their own leaders and be represented. Sometimes there were organizations like the Ku Klux Klan that tried to keep the former slaves from exercising the right to vote. However, in the end, this right is fundamental to Americans and was guaranteed. An important economic right is the right to own property and hold a job.Some of the former slaves got 40 acres and a mule and had the property they needed to earn a maintenance. Others became sharecroppers and got to keep part of what they grew for themselves. They were not as rich as most of the whites, but they had a living and got by. The former slaves did not achieve complete political and economic equality, and Jim Crow laws kept blacks separated from whites. scarce these three amendments insured that pr ogress was made. Part quaternary 1. Analyze the part played by immigration in transforming the urban social fabric of the United States between 1870 and 1900.Essay A (Strong) In the early long time of the American union, Thomas Jefferson envisioned a nation peopled mostly by yeoman farmers, each owning his own land and enjoying a relatively equal status as a citizen. While the United States never really approached this ideal, the nation was mostly rural throughout the nineteenth century. Between 1870 and 1900, however, this began to change. Americas overall population doubled in those decades while the urban population tripled. The biggest transformation in U. S. cities of the era was that of shear size.Several cities such as New York, Chicago, and Philadelphia had more the one million residents. However, new waves of immigrants composed an ever-larger percentage of the people building the way of life in these and other cities. The cultural makeup and residential settlement patte rns of these groups shaped the face of cities. Economic and cultural obstacles had to be confronted and overcome. In the end, the assimilation of various ethnic groups meant that the Americans cities of 1900 were forming a way of life that would typify American society in the 20th century.While the tradition of welcoming newcomers had been a fundamental part of American life from the beginning, the sources of immigration were changing by the late 1800s. forwards the 1880s, most non-English immigrants had been of northern European stock such as German and Scandinavian. Now more and more immigrants were from southern and eastern Europe. There were many Italians, Slovaks, Greeks, Poles, and Russians. These groups tended to be poorer and less educated than earlier groups of immigrants. Also, they often had religions such as Orthodox or Jewish, unlike the Protestant Christianity that had been considered the norm in earlier America.Although many who arrived in this new immigration had be en farm workers in their home countries, they rarely had the means to leave the cities to take up farming in the U. S. They naturally gravitated toward neighborhoods where they understood the language and customs. So cities developed many crowded enclaves populated by single ethnic groups Little Italy, Little Poland, and the like. Each new group of arrivals seemed to settle in some of the worst housing in a particular city. Those dis laid by newcomers headed toward slightly better neighborhoods.The descendants of the original White Anglo-Saxon Protestant settlers moved to more attractive park-like districts or to less crowded communities away from the congestion. In the end, the urban geography of late 19th century America displayed considerable segregation found on socio-economic class. Economic opportunity had been the prime motivator for immigration to the United States through most of its history. This continued to be true. Jobs were available for immigrants in a wide variety of manufacturing, transportation, service, and construction occupations.Since the labor supply was so great, working-class jobs tended to be poorly paid, requiring entire families to be employed. The ready-to-wear garment business was booming, and sweatshop jobs or home piecework jobs were readily available for women and children. Dangerous and difficult construction labor was often the lot of the men as sanitation and transportation networks were belatedly expanded. Each ethnic community had individuals of higher status, often political bosses or labor recruiters who could speak both English and the immigrant language and link newcomers with available positions.Relative social isolation and a high degree of economic exploitation gave rise to tensions among various ethnic groups as well as between immigrants and the more settled groups. Customs regarding drinking and the observation of the Sabbath caused many older Americans to regard new immigrants with disdain. The common practic e of establishing newspapers, businesses, and even schools that used only the immigrant language, not English, caused many to despair that the southern and eastern European newcomers would never become part what they regarded as the American way of life.Groups such as the American Protective Association and various labor unions to placed pressure on the government to restrict immigration. Gradually, beginning in 1882, immigration laws become somewhat more restrictive. However, immigration numbers continued to increase even after 1900, and cities grew ever larger. On the other hand, American cities also saw considerable efforts to improve and assimilate the new wave of immigrants. The national government of the era had an aversion to meddling in social issues. Rural interests, by and large, dominated state governments.This left it up to city governments and private agencies to deal with the immigrants. The urban political machines were often criticized for corruption. However, they d id provide a network of ward bosses who could link immigrants with needed jobs and services in return for votes. The Social Gospel movement, led by Walter Rauschenbusch and Washington Gladden, brought the needs of the immigrants to the attention of many Christian churches. One outgrowth of this was the opening of settlement houses, such as Jane Addams Hull House in Chicago, to provide social services and cultural education to newcomers.The profession of social work was born in this era, and often appealed to reform-minded middle-class women. Also the rapid expansion of public school system in the cities meant that many of the younger immigrants learned the English language and American customs that were the gateway to upward social mobility. As the 19th century drew to a close, American cities were still crowded and chaotic. However, immigrant groups from southern and eastern Europe were gaining a foothold in American society.The opportunities to work hard, gain a living, and send y oungsters to school meant that most immigrants remained in the United States rather than returning to Europe. In the end, American cities were more successful economically and had a more varied cultural textures because of their presence. They helped construct the type of urban social fabric that became the norm for Americans during the 20th century. Essay B During the late 1800s, the United States became increasingly urban. The majority of Americans still lived in small communities and on farms. However, the cities were growing faster.A large portion of the urban growth came from immigration. Immigrants changed the cities in social, political, and economic ways. By the 1880s, it became clear that an increasing percentage of the immigrants were coming from southern and eastern Europe. This wave of immigrants has been labeled the new immigration to distinguish it from the immigrant wave of mostly German and Irish immigrants that came before the Civil War. Because these immigrants, su ch as Poles and Italians, had languages and customs that differed from the majority, they settled in their own neighborhoods in the cities.This meant that they could stick to ways of life they knew with their own foods, language, and religion. In the end, this caused quite a bit of concern because many people did not think that they would Americanize rapidly enough. To hasten this process, private agencies such as Hull House and the Henry Street closing were organized to teach American ways to the immigrants. Also the public schools began requiring attendance and punished immigrant children for using their own language. Political machines dominated governments in many cities in the late 1800s. The most famous example was Tammany Hall in New York City.Machines used immigrant votes to keep their power. In return for being able to tell immigrants for whom to vote, political ward bosses did favors for immigrants such as get them jobs and housing as well as and providing gifts at funer als and during hard times. When the political leaders used their positions to get rich, reformers had a hard time getting them out of office because of the loyalty displayed by those they had helped. The new immigrants occupied the lowest rungs of the urban economy. Many jobs were in factories that required clamant tasks and often hired women and children.The garment factories, or sweatshops, in the New York City area are best known. Many wealthy and middle-class Americans had moved into larger homes and required many domestic servants, often hired from among the new immigrant class. Immigrant men often held dangerous jobs such as railroad construction or meatpacking. If they were injured, they lost their jobs. America cities were growing larger and more diverse. The immigrants between 1870 and 1900 helped to shape and change those cities. Essay C (Weak) Millions of immigrants came to the United States between 1870 and 1900 and settled in the cities.Earlier, most immigrants had com e from northern and western Europe. Now most came from countries such as Italy, Greece, and Poland, in southern and eastern Europe. Immigrants were encouraged to come by factory owners and others who wanted cheap labor. Most were illiterate and had few job skills. They found it harder to adjust to America than many earlier immigrants. There were some Americans who opposed immigration. They thought the immigrants might be after their jobs. They began to get restrictions passed like the Chinese Exclusion Act. Each immigrant group settled in its own neighborhood.Eventually, though, they began to meet each other and even intermarry. The many different immigrant groups brought change and variety to the cities. There was Italian spaghetti and pizza that became popular throughout the country. Germans brought beer and sausages. Everyone also began to enjoy Jewish bagels and the many other things that are part of the melting pot nicety found in American cities. 2. Assess the roles played by three of the following in the social class conflicts that characterized the late nineteenth century. Tom Watson W. E. B. Du Bois Mary Harris Mother Jones Ida B. Wells Response StrategyBegin by developing an overall thesis on the nature of class conflict in the last 1800s. The most obvious areas on which to concentrate are the conflicts between labor and industry and those that occurred as the rights of African Americans were suppressed by the Jim Crow laws. But urban- rural conflicts, conflicts over immigration, and moral conflicts over issues such as prohibition could also have a place in this essay. Once an overall opus is established, go on to select three of the individuals named, identify them well, and establish their relationship to the theme of social class conflict.At first, Tom Watson tried to organize both black and white farmers to gain economic fairness. Later, as racial segregation became more firmly entrenched, he appealed to white racism as a tactic for getting pol itical support. A Harvard-educated intellectual, Du Bois wrote and argued for immediate black equality and helped to found the NAACP. Jones was an organizer with the Knights of Labor who tried to unite all workers, both black and white, to get better takes and working conditions in mines and factories.Wells led anti-lynching protests and helped bring African American women into an organization to seek equal rights at a time when the leading womens suffrage organizations only admitted whites. 3. Analyze and explain the role played by railroads in the rapid economic growth of late nineteenth century America. Response Strategy Begin with a thesis emphasizing the fundamental role of railroads played in the economic growth of the United States in this time period. Railroads were both a major purchaser of the products of mines and factories (coal and steel) and a network that linked an immense national market.Then go on to develop several lines of analysis on the importance of railroads. The list of possibilities is almost endless. Mass production and consumption were encouraged. Various areas could specialize in goods that could be shipped to the entire country. A more uniform national culture was encouraged through the creation of time zones and opportunities for travel. Public-private partnerships were arranged through government land grants. Railroads recruited immigrants both to work on railroad construction and to occupy lands made accessible by the new railroads.Railroads were among the first large stockholder-owned corporations with professional management. The nationwide nature of railroads necessitated some of the first federal laws regulating commerce. Hazardous working conditions on the railroads brought calls for greater protection of workers rights in cases of accident or injury, resulting in some of the first legislation in this field. Part Five 1. Explain how the presidential candidates in the Election of 1912 demonstrated the contrasting political interests and ideas of the early 1900s. Response Strategy cardinal key pieces of information are essential for answering this question. The first is that the year 1912 marked a high point in the influence of the set of reform-minded political ideas labeled Progressivism. The second is that there was a split in the Republican Party, which allowed the Democrats to take control of the White House for the first time since Cleveland left office in 1897. William Howard Taft had been elected in 1908 with the blessing of his predecessor, Theodore Roosevelt. Progressives had grown disenchanted with Taft, in part because of issues related to tariffs and conservation.With their support, Roosevelt challenged Taft for the nomination only to have his challenge thwarted because Taft controlled the Republican Party machinery that made the convention rules. Roosevelt and many of his followers bolted to form the Progressive Party, which ran TR as a third-party candidate. Meanwhile, on the Democratic side, progressives eventually prevailed in a drawn-out convention to nominate Woodrow Wilson. In the election, Taft represented the more conservative forces that favored less regulation of business and fewer reforms.Both Roosevelt and Wilson emphasized progressive ideas such as the direct election of senators and the lowering of the tariff. Wilson, however, also had many conservative supporters in the South. To emphasize his differences from Roosevelt, he called his proposals the New Freedom and called for reforms to weaken monopolies, help small business, and promote competition. Roosevelts New Nationalism proposals called for a stronger role for the Federal government in regulating and shaping large businesses. The election results showed that most voters favored progressive candidates.With the Republican vote split, however, Wilson captured the most states and easily won in the Electoral College. However, he took only 41 percent of the popular vote. An answer to this question als o could point out that the Socialist party, which favored government ownership of major industries, standard 6 percent of the vote in this election, higher than in any other presidential election. The Socialist candidate, Eugene Debs, argued that Progressives were proposing only stopgap measures that would delay radical reform. 2.Explain the role of new ideas and technologies in creating political and social tension during the 1920s. Response Strategy This is a broad question that can be taken in many directions. It is not possible to cover all of the new ideas and technologies in an answer that can be written in the 35-minute time limit. Select several topics that you can cover well and build your answer. Bolshevism and Prohibition were not really new ideas, but the communist takeover of Russia and the passage of the 18th Amendment gave them a new impact.Other ideas that could be discussed would include evolution, cultural pluralism, religious modernism, and cultural liberation in literature. The flowering of black culture in the Harlem Renaissance could be contrasted with the increase in repression evident in the growth of the KKK. The automobile, radio, and the motion picture were new technologies that became common in the 1920s. With a 50-50 split between urban and rural population for the first time, the tension between older and newer ways of life was keenly felt. Also the jazz age youth culture made generational conflicts apparent.While the national government seemed firmly in the hands of conservatives, there were still pockets of progressivism at work, particularly at the state and local level. Develop a thesis that links social and political tensions with the new ideas and inventions of the Twenties then use appropriate examples of your choice to support and illustrate that concept. 3. Analyze the long-run significance of the New view for three of the following groups. industrial workers retired workers women farmers and farm workers Essay A (Stro ng) The nations economy reached the lowest level of the Great Depression in 1933, just as Franklin D.Roosevelt took office as President. His confident speeches and call for a New freshet for Americans boosted the morale of a discouraged nation. Critics correctly point out that FDRs programs were improvisational, bureaucratic, and failed to cure the Great Depression. Nonetheless, it is true that the New Deal changed the relationship between the American people and their national government in many ways that have had long-term significance. The U. S. government took responsibility for protecting its citizens from many of the economic vicissitudes of life.Many of the basic New Deal policies set in place for industrial workers, retired workers, farmers, and farm workers have remained in force in the ensuing decades. For industrial workers, the basic issues were job security, and just compensation. A major early program of the New Deal was the National recovery Administration (NRA). T his government program required various industry to set up codes regulating many business practices including wages to be paid and hours to be worked. For the first time, the right of workers to be represented by labor unions was guaranteed by the federal government.When the Supreme Court declared this complex and intrusive program unconstitutional in 1935, new laws were passed to maintain many of the protections workers had received. The National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act) of 1935 renewed the right of labor union representation and unions, including the CIO, grew rapidly. Also in 1935, the Social Security Act included commissariat for unemployment compensation and disability payments for those injured at work. Then in 1938, the Fair Labor Standards Act was passed. It established the minimum wage, the 40-hour workweek, and restrictions on child labor.The Taft-Hartley Act of 1947 and several other laws and economic changes have weakened the role of labor unions somewhat since the New Deal. However, the basic changes made by the Social Security Act and Fair Labor Standards Act have stood the test of time and are generally part of workers expectations today. Though it had the provisions mentioned above for active workers, the Social Security Act today is associated in most peoples minds with retired workers. In the 1930s, many families had become so poor that they were unable to attending for their elderly relatives as had been expected in the past.Radicals like Dr. Francis Townsend proposed that all people over 60 be given good incomes by the government. Partly to sign on the appeal of radicals, FDR signed the Social Security Act into law in 1935. A program of modest pensions was set up to be paid for by a tax on the incomes of people still working and their employers. Over time, this helped to transform the nature of old age in the United States by secure the retired workers would have at least a basic income. Over the years, the level of payments an d the number of people covered have expanded greatly.Medical benefits have been added to the program. Though there are concerns about how the nation will continue to pay for them, these benefits for retired workers are now viewed as an entitlement by most Americans. Farmers, for the most part, did not share in the economic prosperity of the 1920s and their lot continued to decline as the United States plunged into the Great Depression. A variety of New Deal programs aimed at making farming more economically secure. The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933 paid farmers to cut production of certain products so that surpluses would not drive down prices.When this law was declared unconstitutional, it was replaced by a similar law that also emphasized soil conservation and gave payments to farmers who limited production by conserving land for the future. Special laws were passed to help specific poverty pockets, such as the Dust Bowl victims who had resettled in California and the reside nts of the Tennessee River Valley who got hydroelectric plants in their region of the country. Electricity made life easier for farmers in many other areas as well after the REA was launched to provide loans for the construction of electric power lines.Federal programs to construct major dams in the West also had the effect of making power and more irrigation water available for farmers in that region. Overall, the tradition of government involvement in agriculture has continued. The exact extent and nature of the restrictions and subsides has changed over time. However, they are still part of the national policy aimed at assuring a plentiful good supply. Little was done during the New Deal to help tenant farmers or farm laborers, however. Many landless farm workers are still on the lowest rungs of the American economy.The New Deal represented a basic change in how the United States government involved itself in the national economy. The economic desperation of many people during th e Great Depression made them willing and even eager to embrace more government authority and control. Industrial workers, retired workers, and farmers welcomed the increased economic security many of them received. The years since have seen some efforts to reduce the level of government involvement in economic life however the basic expectations and structures established by the New Deal remain in place. Essay BThe New Deal was an important part of our nations political and economic structure during the Great Depression of the 1930s. Franklin D. Roosevelt proposed a program of relief, recovery, and reform that changed the nature of how the government related to people. This can be seen through an examination of the long-term significance of the New Deal for industrial workers, retired workers, and women. Before the New Deal, there were few uniform standards for workers and employers in industry. Some states had progressive regulations while others did not. New Deal policies changed this.In 1935, the Wagner Act was passed which assured workers the right to be represented by labor unions. Industrial workers were organized through sit down strikes and other tactics. A standard workweek of 40 hours and a minimum wage of at least 40 cents per hour were the goals set by the Fair Labor Standards Act. Unemployment compensation and workmens compensation payments for job-related injuries were also set up during the New Deal. All of these things are still in force today. Until the New Deal, there was no Social Security program for retired workers. Many older workers had employers who could no longer afford to pay pensions.Partly as a political strategy to lessen the appeal of Huey Long, Father Coughlin, and Dr. Townsend, the Social Security Act was passed in 1935. It set up a system of pensions workers over the age of 65. Even though Herbert Hoover charged that the program would set up expectations of too much leisure time, it was very popular and millions of people bega n receiving benefits. Now this is an important benefit, and few politicians are willing to risk changing it. Under the New Deal, women received more attention from the government than had been the case in the past.Though the right to vote had been assured by the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, very few women were actually involved in the federal government. Franklin D. Roosevelts wife, Eleanor, set the example by traveling extensively and speaking out on behalf of the needy. There was a program to recruit qualified women for administrative posts. Two of the best known are Frances Perkins, the Secretary of Labor and Americas first woman cabinet member, and Mary McLeod Bethune, of the National Youth Administration, Americas highest-ranking African American at the time.Women, of course, also gained from the benefits provided for workers and retirees mentioned above. Though there were no major new laws or amendments directed specifically at womens rights, the New Deal era was part of a co ntinuing trend of more women becoming involved in the federal government. The New Deal represented a major change in the way the government related to its citizens. These changes were of long-term significance and are still felt today. Essay C (Weak) Industrial workers got the right to bargain in union

Smartphone Competition

Sizable market Nowadays, much and more hoi polloi tend to spend more time on telephone, from exhibit 1 we give notice see that each person almost spend 14 minutes on smart phones for playacting games (Shane Richmond, 2012). What is more, 33% of good deal are playing games via smart phone and 25% people are playing games via handled devices (esa, 2012). These data indicates that more people prefer to play games on smart phones than other devices, and people are willing to spend more time on smart phones to play games.Especi altogethery, from the survey we can know that all respondents they hold smart phones, which direction this market is extremely sizable based on the large users. What is more, vestige Company is small company, which means that they do not break enough pecuniary resource to create games on diverse devices, and they do not have sufficient resources and experts to create games on diverse devices. Therefore, smartphones can be the proper platform for Phantom Com pany to create games. Opportunistic market Furthermore, if the company can focus on creating games on smart phones in Canada, the market size will be attractive.Thats because there are 10. 5 million smart phone users in Canada, the number of users may increase to 16. 4 million by 2016 (Innovation physical composition 2012 Trend Watch, 2012), and 60% of smart phone adults users prefer using cell phones to play games, which means that all of these user can be the potential home run customers for Phantom Company. Especially, all of them are adults, they have purchasing power for the game apps, if the company can attract these people, and they can have lucrative market in the smart phone game industry. Profitable marketBased on the survey we can see that most respondents are willing to pay more money on quality games, especially most of them has purchasing power, therefore, as long as the games are attractive for these people, this smart phone market can be profitable. Competition The smart phone game market is good news for customers, because it creats convenience, flexibility, and more entertainments for life. However, the fierce competition will put pressures on companies. Firstly, which soft touch Phantom should launch their phones. There are divers brands of phones in the arket, these brands possess diverse kinds of games on their phones, for example, Samsung Electronics, LG Electronics, HTC, apple, Motorola, and RIM. The highest market share smartphone is Samsung, which is 26. 0%, and LGs is 17. 7%, Apple occupy 17. 5%, Motorola is 10. 9% and HTC is 6. 2%( Eric Abent, 2012). This fact shows that Phantom should choose carefully for which brand to launch their games in order to game more people to play and have profitable market in the future. Secondly, the characterisation game competition in Canada is fierce. There are currently 348 video game companies operational in Canada.The average Canadian Video gamy Company employs 45 people, and there are more game companies in Ontario than other provinces, which mean that all of these companies are Phantoms direct competitors (Matt Hartley, 2011). Especially, there are lots of famous companies in Montreal, which means it will be tough for Phantom to compete with these mature video companies based on its scarcity of expert resources and innovation capabilities, and brand recognitions. Competitions during the industry There are diverse competitors in the video game industry in Canada.There are three famous video game companies, where were listed top 10 video game companies in 2012. These companies are Torontos XMG Studio, Montreals Gamerizon, and Torontos capybara Games (Knowlton Thomas, 2012). These companies are well-known companies that lead to high reliability and loyalty in the market. What is more, famous and big companies posse sufficient expert sources and innovation capabilities, which are the nominate successful factors for the video game companies. Especially, these companies have sophisticated experiences on developing mobile games in the past.Subsequently, these company posse diverse advantages, which Phantom needs and lacks. In addition, more and small companies are established these days in Canada, they are also competing with Phantom now. They may have similar capabilities with Phantom, or they may have more funds than Phantom to develop more innovative games than Phantom. These companies also threaten to Phantoms future. Appendixes Exhibit 1 Source Shane Richmond, 2012 http//www. telegraph. co. uk/technology/mobile-phones/9365085/Smartphones-hardly-used-for-calls. hypertext mark-up language References Shane Richmond, June 29, 2012.Smartphones hardly used for calls. Retrieve on November 8, 2012 from http//www. telegraph. co. uk/technology/mobile-phones/9365085/Smartphones-hardly-used-for-calls. html esa, 2012. Game player data. Retrieve on November 8, 2012 from http//www. theesa. com/facts/gameplayer. asp Innovation Report 2012 Trend Watch, opule nt 2012. Retrieve on November 18, 2012 from http//www. newmediatrendwatch. com/markets-by-country/11-long-haul/45-canada? start=2 Eric Abent, November 2012. Comscore deliver mobile market share report for September 2012. Retrieve on November 8, 2012 from http//androidcommunity. om/comscore-delivers-mobile-market-share-report-for-september-2012-20121102/ Matt Hartley, May, 2011. Canadas fun industry is kickingbutt. Retrieve on November 18, 2012 from http//business. financialpost. com/2011/05/30/canadas-home-grown-video-game-industry-shines-on-international-stage/ Knowlton Thomas, March 30, 2012. Three Canadian Companies Named in Worldwide List of Top 10 Mobile Game Developers to Watch in 2012. Retrieve on November 18, 2012 from http//www. techvibes. com/blog/three-canadian-companies-named-in-worldwide-list-of-top-10-mobile-game-developers-to-watch-in-2012-2012-03-01

Eddie Mabo Essay Essay

I strongly agree with this statement because of his actions and personality end-to-end the film. My interpretation of this sentence is that Eddie is strong passionate person but he also faces the side of reality, that is, no unrivaled is perfect, and this is true what Perkins does to help us affect to Eddie and feel sorry for him. Eddie Mabo represented somebody who wasnt just going to sit back and take it. Eddie Mabo is tired of being a victim of the unbalanced rights. Hes perceived to be strong. He fought for what was his right and for his people. People full led of hate have perceived him as being a smart man who was going to beat them at their own game. People who have racist views dont necessarily cope very sanitary with perceptions of strength. They need to perceive people as being weaker then them, less able than them, but in this case Eddie was too smart, and determined.All throughout his life, Eddie Mabo showed us galore(postnominal) strengths. He had leadership skills , especially considering his lack of education. He knew how to get people to believe in what he was saying, and was an inspiration to all of them. He was one of the first indigenous Australians to stand up for land rights, and would not back down even when everything seemed to be against him, displaying his powerful determination and belief in himself as a person. He also shows great respect and love for the land and his culture, which is the main driving force behind his fight for land rights.Throughout his life, Eddie Mabo had many obstacles. The first of these was his banishment from Murray Island, as he had to fight for survival from a young age, fending for himself at the age of sixteen. This made growing up very rugged for him as well as the racism he suffered which made it hard for him to get work and shelter.

Political science as a social science Essay

Political Science is in part a fond science, and in part a humanity. Both ar principal(prenominal). In this topic, we exit demeanor at the basics of mixer science inquiry, and then proceed to show how this differs from, on the one hand, inquiry in the natural sciences and, on the other, inquiry in the humanities. Social Science Social science inquiry seeks to develop empirical theory. ?Empirical? refers to things that can be experienced through the five senses of seeing, hearing, touching, tasting, or (in the model of political corruption) smelling.Theory? basically means explanation. An empirical theory of g all overnment activity, then, is an attempt to explain why people be pay off a crap the way they do politically. If a accessible scientist (or anyone else) observes people engaging in political air, he or she will need to focus on certain characteristics of the people being observed. The observer may wonder why some people differ from others in their political charac teristics. Why, for example, be some people Liberals while others are Conservatives and still others are stark naked Democrats.Characteristics that differ from one person to another are called one variables. Those that do not are called constants. Constants are generally less interesting than variables. There is not much point in trying to explain voting behavior in a country in which only one party appears on the ballot. Of course, we might then ask why some countries devour only one party whereas others have multi-party systems, scarce now we are treating ? number of parties? as a variables. Everyday language is full of what are, in effect, hypotheses about political behavior.For example, talk about a ? gender gap? in voting hypothesizes that choose (the symbiotic variable) is in part a function of gender (the independent variable), with women more presumable to vote for the Liberals or New Democrats and men more likely to vote Conservative. Social science look for differs from everyday discussion of politics in two ways. The first is where hypotheses come from. Anyone who follows politics will likely confine around in his or her head a lot of ideas about what explains political behavior.Such ideas may come from personal experience, from conversations with others, or from following politics through the mass media. This is true as well for the ways companionable scientists think about politics. In addition, however, loving scientists develop hypotheses more systematically by studying the scholarly literature for the results of previous research. This is important for at least a couple of reasons. For one thing, it is usually the case that the more you learn what is already known about a subject, the more new questions you are likely to have.A review of the literature helps generate new hypotheses. sluice more important, social science seeks not merely to describe raw facts, but to explain why people behave the way that they do. To accomplish this, we need to put our ideas into a broader theoretical mise en scene that offers such an explanation. It is a fact that in the United States, from 1936 through 2000, the incumbent party has always won the presidency whenever the Washington Redskins won their last home game before the election, and lost whenever the Redskins lost.However, since there is no reasonable explanation for why this should be the case, it is merely an interesting bit of trivia, and no serious observer of politics would rely on it in analyzing the next presidential contest. A second difference is that, for numerous people, ideas about patterns of political behavior remain merely assumptions. Social science insists that the validity of assumptions must be tested against data. Conceptual definition. We need to know, and be able to communicate to others, what our independent and dependent variables mean.What, in other words, is the idea in our headway when we use a term? Definitions found in dictionaries are ex amples of conceptual definitions. Sometimes, the idea that is in our mind when we use a term will be obvious, but often it will not. Many concepts used in political science are anything but clear. If we are to study political ideology, for example, we need to spell out with as much precision as possible what that concept means in the context of our research. Ope able definition. For hypotheses to be tested, we will need to come up with preventionments of our variables.An operational definition is one stated in a way that can be directly measured by data. We strive for a one-to-one correspondence between our conceptual definitions and our measurements (operational definitions) of them. If we succeed, then our measurements have validity and reliability. Data needed to win operational definitions of our variables come from a wide variety of sources. We may gather the data ourselves. Analysis of data that we gather in order to test hypotheses that we have formulated is called primary analysis.Often, however, this approach would be totally beyond our resources of time, money, and expertise. A nationwide sketch of public opinion, for example, would take months to design and carry out, would cost many thousands of dollars, and would require the services of a large survey research organization. Often, secondary analysis of data (that is, analysis of data originally gathered for other purposes) will suit our needs far better. Indeed, very important databases are used almost exclusively in secondary analysis. The Census Canada data is a sober example.Other surveys such as the Canadian National Election Study and the General Social Survey were created, in part, for the express purpose of providing quality survey data for secondary analysis by students of Canadian politics. Indeed much of the work using the Canadian National is based on secondary analysis. To urge on secondary analysis, the University of Toronto Data Library, and other university-based data archives have been established throughout the world. The largest of these is the Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR) established in 1962.Today, over 500 colleges and universities from all over the world, including the University of Toronto are member institutions. Students and faculty at these institutions obtain datasets that provide the basis for numerous scholarly books, articles, and conference papers, graduate theses and dissertations, and undergrad term papers. The Social Sciences and the Natural Sciences What we have described as the social science method ? the effort to explain empirical phenomena by developing and examen hypotheses ? could as easily be called simply ? the scientific method,? without the ?social? qualifier. There are, however, differences between social sciences, including political science, and the natural sciences. Though these are differences in degree, they are important. One difference is that the natural sciences rely much mo re heavily on experimental design, in which subjects are assigned randomly to groups and in which the police detective is able to manipulate the independent variable in order to measure its impact on the dependent variable. Often, when people think about the scientific method, what they have in mind are these sorts of controlled laboratory experiments.In political science, we for the most part are not able to carry out experimental designs. If, for example, we propensity to study the impact of party affiliation on decisions by judges, we cannot very well assign judges to different parties, but rather have to take the data as they come to us from observing judges in their natural setting. Experimental design, however, does not define the natural sciences, nor does its absence define the social sciences. Astronomy, for example, must of necessity rely on observation of things that cannot be manipulated. ?Epidemiological?medical research in like manner relies on non-experimental data . Conversely, the social science discipline of social psychology has been built in large part from experiments in small group laboratories. In political science, a great deal of laboratory research on the impact of campaign commercials has been carried out in recent years. Field experiments are also common, as when survey researchers will test the impact of alternate(a) question wordings by splitting their sample and administering different questionnaire forms to different subsets of respondents.Nevertheless, it is fair to say that experimental designs are much less common in the social sciences, including political science, than in the natural sciences. Most of our research design is, in effect, an effort to approximate the logic of experimental design as closely as possible. Other differences, also differences in degree, have to do with lower levels of consensus in the social sciences. There is less consensus about conceptual definition. Even if we agree that world power is a key concept for the study of politics, we may not agree on what power means.Chemists, on the other hand, not only agree that molecules are important, they also mean pretty much the same thing when they use the term. There is less consensus about operational definition. Chemists also agree on how to measure the atomic weight of a molecule. Social scientists are far from unanimous in the ways they go about measuring power. It bears repeating that these differences are ones of degree. In the natural sciences there are also disputes at the frontiers of the various disciplines about what concepts are important, what they mean, and how they should be measured.In the social sciences, consensus is likely to break down from the start. Even if we can agree that a particular concept is important, on what it means, and on how it should be measured, we will encounter far larger problems of measurement error than those in the natural sciences, where measurement is not without error, but is typically much more precise. Finally, remember that we are involved in trying to explain human behavior. mint do not seem to behave as predictably as molecules.Philosophers are not in agreement on this point, but it may be that human behavior is inherently less predictabl The fact that we deal with tendencies rather than with laws means that, for the most part (and despite impressive work by ? rational choice? theorists to develop formal mathematical models of political behavior), political science makes relatively little use of elegant systems of deduction, but considerable use of statistics, which provides us with valuable tools for dealing with probabilities.Despite its unavoidable limitations, political science as a social science has produced an explosion in our knowledge about politics. This has had important practical consequences. For example, no serious aspirant for a major elected office in an economically developed democracy would consider embarking on a campaign without consulti ng experts in survey research, a signature social science technique. In addition to being, in part, a social science, political science is also in part a humanity. Political science as a humanity means at least a couple of different things.

John Venn (1834 â€1923) Essay

John Venn was born in 1834, to a highly religious Christian family at Hull, England. His go died when he was very young and father was engaged with rendering his services to the church. He graduated from the Cambridge University and in 1857 was elected as a fellow of the college. He remained a fellow for the rest of his life. From 1858 he lived at different locations and finally returned to Cambridge in 1862. For the next thirty years, Venn dedicated himself to Logic.He wrote three books on this subject. The first one was the logic of chance in 1866, the second, symbolic logic in 1881, and the third, The principles of Empirical logic, in 1889. ( Brinley Lisa ) John Venn is famous for his opinionion of Venn diagrams, a visual standard of mathematical logic. He introduced the concept for the first time in 1880, in a paper titled, On the diagrammatic and mechanical representation of propositions and reasonings, which appeared in the philosophical magazine and the journal of Scienc e, July 1980. ( Brinley Lisa ).Venn Diagrams If three discs R, S ,T are subsets of U , then the intersections of these discs and their complements differentiate U into 8 regions, which do not overlap. The unions apportion 256 combinations of the three disks R, S , T. Proper working of Venn diagrams require an order of precedence and operators to follow. This order is, AND, NOT, OR, XOR ( Or and XOR equal ).This implies that if both the operations AND and OR are include in a query, AND operation will be taken up first. This does not happen ONLY IF deflexion are used, as Expressions in parenthesis are processed first. Venn Diagram ( Brinley Lisa ) Venn continuously kept on improving his theory of visual representation through his diagrams. He never interpreted them as an attempt to clarify, what he thought were the inconsistencies and ambiguities of Booles logic. Venn realized that his diagrams were not sufficiently general.So he proposed a method by which a series of circles divid e a plane into many compartments so that each successive circle would intersect all the compartments. This idea was to later develop as a concept of a universal set . At a later stage of his life, Venn became more interested in history and made some important piece by documenting the history of Cambridge. John Venn will always be remembered for his contribution to extension of Booles logic, in a visual, diagrammatic way.Venn digrams are very efficacious in variety of applications including set theory, probability, logic, statistics and computer science. In a recent BBC poll, John Venn emerged as the third most greatest mathematician of recent times, next scarce to Newton and Euler. ( John Venn )Works cited page 1. Brinley Lisa, Gregory Emy, Biography of John Venn 1998, Retrieved on 22 March 07 from http//www. andrews. edu/ calkins/math/biograph/biovenn. htm 1. John Venn, wikipedia the free encyclopedia, 25 February 2007, Retrieved on 22 March 2007 from http//en. wikipedia. or g/wiki/John_Venn.